Assessing the short-term impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on foreign visitor’s demand for Turkey: A scenario analysis
Year 2020,
Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 80 - 85, 31.12.2020
Fatih Günay
,
Engin Bayraktaroğlu
,
Kahraman Özkul
Abstract
Since it first started in China, COVID-19 outbreak has become the number one problem of the World. World Health Organization accepted COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In light of the latest information, it could be said that the world has never encountered such a pandemic in the last century. Tourism is one of the most sensitive sectors to crises such as wars, terrorist attacks, natural disasters and other kinds of unexpected phenomena. This study aims to forecast the short-term effects of COVID-19 pandemic on foreign visitors' demand for Turkey by using scenario analysis technique. According to the results, a decline in foreign visitors’ arrivals in the range of 5% to 53% is estimated. It means a loss of tourism revenues about $15.2 billion as the worst, and $1.5 billion as the best alternative scenario for 2020. It is essential to develop recovery plans and to implement them urgently, to minimize the harms of the COVID-19 pandemic on Turkish tourism.
References
- Airlines suspend China flights because of coronavirus (2020, January 31), Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-airlines-factbox/airlines-suspend-china-flights-because-of-coronavirus-outbreak-idUSKBN1ZU131
- Airlines suspend flights due to coronavirus outbreak (2020, February 26), Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-airlines-factbox/factbox-airlines-suspend-flights-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak-idUSKCN20K0GZ.
- Alhas, A.M. (2020, February 21). Turkey: All arrivals from Iran checked for coronavirus, Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/health/turkey-all-arrivals-from-iran-checked-for-coronavirus/1740920
- Altay, E. (2014). Bankacılıkta Risk. İstanbul: Derin Yayınları.
- Au, A.K.M., Ramasamy, B. and Yeung, M.C.H. (2005) The effects of SARS on the Hong Kong tourism industry: An empirical evaluation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10 (1), pp. 85-95. DOI: 10.1080/1094166042000330236.
- Aydın, H.K. (2020, February 26). Turkish passenger flights with Iran suspended, Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-passenger-flights-with-iran-suspended/1745983.
- Bayerische Behörden bestätigen ersten Fall in Deutschland (2020, January 27), Der Spiegel. Retrieved from https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/corona-virus-erster-fall-in-deutschland-bestaetigt-a-19843b8d-8694-451f-baf7-0189d3356f99
- Calantone, R. J., Di Benedetto, C. A. and Bojanic, D. (1987). A Comprehensive Review of the Tourism Forecasting Literature, Journal of Travel Research, 26(2). 28-39.
- China Expands Virus Lockdown, Encircling 35 Million (2020, January 23), New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/world/asia/china-coronavirus-outbreak.html
- China reports first death from mysterious outbreak in Wuhan (2020, January 11), Aljazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/china-reports-death-mysterious-outbreak-wuhan-200111023325546.html
- Confirmado el coronavirus en un turista alemán en La Gomera (2020, January 31), Noticias. Retrieved from https://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/confirmado-caso-coronavirus-gomera_202001315e34a9380cf2cfb788f47b07.html
- Conte, primi due casi di coronavirus confermati in Italia. Il 2 febbraio l'evacuazione degli italiani da Wuhan (2020, January 31), Agenzia Ansa. Retrieved from https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2020/01/30/coronavirus-conferenza-stampa-conte-sigillata-stanza-turisti-cinesi_f3155eb8-ddfd-405a-abf3-84ba870c666e.html
- Coronavirus reaches Europe as France confirms 3 cases (2020, January 24), Deutsche Welle. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-reaches-europe-as-france-confirms-3-cases/a-52145333
- de Kluvyer, C. A. (1980). Bottom-Up Sales Forecasting Through Scenario Analysis, Industrial Marketing Management, (9). 167-170.
- First coronavirus case diagnosed in Turkey (2020, March 10), TRT World. Retrieved from https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/first-coronavirus-case-diagnosed-in-turkey-34449
Frechtling, D. C. (2001). Forecasting tourism demand: methods and strategies. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Haque, T.H. and Haque, M.O. (2018). The swine flu and its impacts on tourism in Brunei. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, pp. 92-101,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.12.003.
- Hassani, B. K. (2016). Scenario Analysis in Risk Management. Switzerland: Springer Int. Publishing.
- Henderson, J. C. (2004). Managing a health-related crisis: SARS in Singapore. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10 (1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670301000107.
- Henderson, J.C. and Ng, A. (2004). Responding to Crisis: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Hotels in Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6, pp. 411–419
- Horuz, M. E. (2020, April 01). Turizmciler Kovid-19 salgını sonrası dönemden umutlu, Anadolu Ajansı, retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turizmciler-kovid-19-salgini-sonrasi-donemden-umutlu-/1787487 on 1.04.2020.
- Iran reports two suspected fatal cases at Qom hospital (2020, February 16), BBC News. Retrieved From https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51563039
- Isaac Mizrachi, Galia Fuchs, 2016 Should we cancel? An examination of risk handling in travel social media before visiting ebola-free destinations, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Volume 28, 2016, Pages 59-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.01.009.
- Işık, C., Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Ongan, S. (2019). Testing the efficacy of the economic policy uncertainty index on tourism demand in USMCA: Theory and evidence. Tourism Economics, 1354816619888346.
- Isik, C., Dogru, T., & Turk, E. S. (2018). A nexus of linear and non‐linear relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Theory and evidence. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(1), 38-49.
- Isik, C. (2012). The USA’s international travel demand and economic growth in Turkey: A causality analysis:(1990–2008). Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 7(1), 235-252.
- Isik, C. (2010). Türkiye'de Yabancı Ziyaretçi Harcaması ve Turizm Gelirleri İlişkisi: Bir Eş-bütünleşme Analizi (1970-2008). Sosyoekonomi, 13(13).
- Kaplan, F. and Aktas, A.R. (2016). The Turkey Tourism Demand: A Gravity Model, The Empirical Economics Letters, 15 (3), pp. 265-272.
- Kulendra, N. and Witt, S.F. (2003). Leading Indicator Tourism Forecasts. Tourism Management, 24, pp. 503-510.
- Kuo, H-I., Chen, C-C., Tseng, W-C., Ju, L-F., Huang, B-W. (2008). Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia. Tourism Management, 29 (5), pp. 917-928.
- McAleer, M., Huang, B-W., Kuo, H-I., Chen, C-C., Chang, C-L. (2010). An econometric analysis of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourist arrivals to Asia. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25 (1), pp. 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.07.015.
- Mckercher, B. and Chon, K. (2004). The over-reaction to SARS and the collapse of Asiantourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (3), pp. 716-719.
- Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey (2020a). Monthly Bulletins. Retrieved from https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-256541/2020.html.
- Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey (2020b). Tourism Receipts and Expenditures-Average Expenditures (2003-2019). Retrieved from https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-249307/tourism-receipts-and-expenditures.html.
- Nedelman, M. (2020, February 1). New report on first US case of novel coronavirus details mild symptoms followed by pneumonia, CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/31/health/washington-coronavirus-study-nejm/index.html.
- New China virus: Cases triple as infection spreads to Beijing and Shanghai (2020, January 20), BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51171035.
- New virus surging in Asia rattles scientists (2020, January 20), Nature. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00129-x?utm_source=fbk_nnc&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=naturene
- North Korea bans foreign tourists over China virus: Tour agency (2020, January 22), Aljazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/north-korea-bans-foreign-tourists-china-virus-tour-agency-200122042416138.html.
- Novelli, M., Burgess, L.G., Jones, A. and Ritchie, N.W. (2018). ‘No Ebola…still doomed’ – The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, pp. 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.03.006.
- Page, S., Song, H., & Wu, D. C. (2012). Assessing the Impacts of the Global Economic Crisis and Swine Flu on Inbound Tourism Demand in the United Kingdom. Journal of Travel Research, 51(2), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511400754.
- Pine, R. and McKercher, B. (2004). The impact of SARS on Hong Kong’s tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16 (2), pp. 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110410520034.
- Sahin, T. (2020, February 3), Turkish Airlines extends flight suspension to China, Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkish-airlines-extends-flight-suspension-to-china/1722904.
- Schnaars, S. P. (1987). How to Develop and Use Scenarios. Long Range Planning, 20(1). 105-114.
- Sifolo, N. and Sifolo, P.P.S. (2014). The tourism inconvenience of the Ebola epidemic: lessons for the South African tourism sector. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4 (1), pp. 1-11.
- Song, H. and Turner, L. (2006). Tourism Demand Forecasting, in International Handbook on the Economics of Tourism (Eds. L. Dwyer and P. Forsyth). UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Turkey cancels international flights amid virus outbreak (2020, March 27), TRT World. Retrieved from https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-cancels-international-flights-amid-virus-outbreak-34918
- Turkey, Pakistan shut Iran border; Afghanistan bans travel over virus fears (2020, February 23), TRT World. Retrieved from https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/turkey-pakistan-shut-iran-border-afghanistan-bans-travel-over-virus-fears-34039
- Türkiye’nin uçuş yasağı getirdiği ülkelerin tam listesi (2020, March 20), Turizm Günlüğü. Retrieved from https://www.turizmgunlugu.com/2020/03/20/turkiyenin-ucus-yasagi-getirdigi-ulkelerin-tam-listesi/
- UNWTO (2020, Mar 27). International Tourist Arrivals Could Fall by 20-30% in 2020. Retrieved from https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-03/24-03Coronavirus_0.pdf.
- UNWTO (2020b, April 01). Tourism and COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-covid-19.
- Uysal, M. and Crompton, J. L. (1985). An Overview of Approaches Used to Forecast Tourism Demand, Journal of Travel Research, 23(4). 7-15.
- Wall, G. (2006). Recovering from SARS: The case of Toronto Tourism. In Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice (Eds. Mansfeld, Y. and Pizam, A.) 143-152. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Yıldızalp Özmen, M. and İnal, A. (2020). Kültür ve Turizm Bakanı Ersoy: Öngörümüz turizm sezonu mayıs sonuna ertelenecek, Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/
- Zorlu, F. (2020, January 27). Turkey urges citizens not to travel Hubei, China, Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-urges-citizens-not-to-travel-hubei-china/1715718.
Assessing the short-term impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on foreign visitor’s demand for Turkey: A scenario analysis
Year 2020,
Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 80 - 85, 31.12.2020
Fatih Günay
,
Engin Bayraktaroğlu
,
Kahraman Özkul
Abstract
Since it first started in China, COVID-19 outbreak has become the number one problem of the World. World Health Organization accepted COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In light of the latest information, it could be said that the world has never encountered such a pandemic in the last century. Tourism is one of the most sensitive sectors to crises such as wars, terrorist attacks, natural disasters and other kinds of unexpected phenomena. This study aims to forecast the short-term effects of COVID-19 pandemic on foreign visitors' demand for Turkey by using scenario analysis technique. According to the results, a decline in foreign visitors’ arrivals in the range of 5% to 53% is estimated. It means a loss of tourism revenues about $15.2 billion as the worst, and $1.5 billion as the best alternative scenario for 2020. It is essential to develop recovery plans and to implement them urgently, to minimize the harms of the COVID-19 pandemic on Turkish tourism.
References
- Airlines suspend China flights because of coronavirus (2020, January 31), Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-airlines-factbox/airlines-suspend-china-flights-because-of-coronavirus-outbreak-idUSKBN1ZU131
- Airlines suspend flights due to coronavirus outbreak (2020, February 26), Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-airlines-factbox/factbox-airlines-suspend-flights-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak-idUSKCN20K0GZ.
- Alhas, A.M. (2020, February 21). Turkey: All arrivals from Iran checked for coronavirus, Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/health/turkey-all-arrivals-from-iran-checked-for-coronavirus/1740920
- Altay, E. (2014). Bankacılıkta Risk. İstanbul: Derin Yayınları.
- Au, A.K.M., Ramasamy, B. and Yeung, M.C.H. (2005) The effects of SARS on the Hong Kong tourism industry: An empirical evaluation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10 (1), pp. 85-95. DOI: 10.1080/1094166042000330236.
- Aydın, H.K. (2020, February 26). Turkish passenger flights with Iran suspended, Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-passenger-flights-with-iran-suspended/1745983.
- Bayerische Behörden bestätigen ersten Fall in Deutschland (2020, January 27), Der Spiegel. Retrieved from https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/corona-virus-erster-fall-in-deutschland-bestaetigt-a-19843b8d-8694-451f-baf7-0189d3356f99
- Calantone, R. J., Di Benedetto, C. A. and Bojanic, D. (1987). A Comprehensive Review of the Tourism Forecasting Literature, Journal of Travel Research, 26(2). 28-39.
- China Expands Virus Lockdown, Encircling 35 Million (2020, January 23), New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/world/asia/china-coronavirus-outbreak.html
- China reports first death from mysterious outbreak in Wuhan (2020, January 11), Aljazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/china-reports-death-mysterious-outbreak-wuhan-200111023325546.html
- Confirmado el coronavirus en un turista alemán en La Gomera (2020, January 31), Noticias. Retrieved from https://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/confirmado-caso-coronavirus-gomera_202001315e34a9380cf2cfb788f47b07.html
- Conte, primi due casi di coronavirus confermati in Italia. Il 2 febbraio l'evacuazione degli italiani da Wuhan (2020, January 31), Agenzia Ansa. Retrieved from https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2020/01/30/coronavirus-conferenza-stampa-conte-sigillata-stanza-turisti-cinesi_f3155eb8-ddfd-405a-abf3-84ba870c666e.html
- Coronavirus reaches Europe as France confirms 3 cases (2020, January 24), Deutsche Welle. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-reaches-europe-as-france-confirms-3-cases/a-52145333
- de Kluvyer, C. A. (1980). Bottom-Up Sales Forecasting Through Scenario Analysis, Industrial Marketing Management, (9). 167-170.
- First coronavirus case diagnosed in Turkey (2020, March 10), TRT World. Retrieved from https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/first-coronavirus-case-diagnosed-in-turkey-34449
Frechtling, D. C. (2001). Forecasting tourism demand: methods and strategies. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Haque, T.H. and Haque, M.O. (2018). The swine flu and its impacts on tourism in Brunei. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, pp. 92-101,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.12.003.
- Hassani, B. K. (2016). Scenario Analysis in Risk Management. Switzerland: Springer Int. Publishing.
- Henderson, J. C. (2004). Managing a health-related crisis: SARS in Singapore. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10 (1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670301000107.
- Henderson, J.C. and Ng, A. (2004). Responding to Crisis: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Hotels in Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6, pp. 411–419
- Horuz, M. E. (2020, April 01). Turizmciler Kovid-19 salgını sonrası dönemden umutlu, Anadolu Ajansı, retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turizmciler-kovid-19-salgini-sonrasi-donemden-umutlu-/1787487 on 1.04.2020.
- Iran reports two suspected fatal cases at Qom hospital (2020, February 16), BBC News. Retrieved From https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51563039
- Isaac Mizrachi, Galia Fuchs, 2016 Should we cancel? An examination of risk handling in travel social media before visiting ebola-free destinations, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Volume 28, 2016, Pages 59-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.01.009.
- Işık, C., Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Ongan, S. (2019). Testing the efficacy of the economic policy uncertainty index on tourism demand in USMCA: Theory and evidence. Tourism Economics, 1354816619888346.
- Isik, C., Dogru, T., & Turk, E. S. (2018). A nexus of linear and non‐linear relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Theory and evidence. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(1), 38-49.
- Isik, C. (2012). The USA’s international travel demand and economic growth in Turkey: A causality analysis:(1990–2008). Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 7(1), 235-252.
- Isik, C. (2010). Türkiye'de Yabancı Ziyaretçi Harcaması ve Turizm Gelirleri İlişkisi: Bir Eş-bütünleşme Analizi (1970-2008). Sosyoekonomi, 13(13).
- Kaplan, F. and Aktas, A.R. (2016). The Turkey Tourism Demand: A Gravity Model, The Empirical Economics Letters, 15 (3), pp. 265-272.
- Kulendra, N. and Witt, S.F. (2003). Leading Indicator Tourism Forecasts. Tourism Management, 24, pp. 503-510.
- Kuo, H-I., Chen, C-C., Tseng, W-C., Ju, L-F., Huang, B-W. (2008). Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia. Tourism Management, 29 (5), pp. 917-928.
- McAleer, M., Huang, B-W., Kuo, H-I., Chen, C-C., Chang, C-L. (2010). An econometric analysis of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourist arrivals to Asia. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25 (1), pp. 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.07.015.
- Mckercher, B. and Chon, K. (2004). The over-reaction to SARS and the collapse of Asiantourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (3), pp. 716-719.
- Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey (2020a). Monthly Bulletins. Retrieved from https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-256541/2020.html.
- Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey (2020b). Tourism Receipts and Expenditures-Average Expenditures (2003-2019). Retrieved from https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-249307/tourism-receipts-and-expenditures.html.
- Nedelman, M. (2020, February 1). New report on first US case of novel coronavirus details mild symptoms followed by pneumonia, CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/31/health/washington-coronavirus-study-nejm/index.html.
- New China virus: Cases triple as infection spreads to Beijing and Shanghai (2020, January 20), BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51171035.
- New virus surging in Asia rattles scientists (2020, January 20), Nature. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00129-x?utm_source=fbk_nnc&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=naturene
- North Korea bans foreign tourists over China virus: Tour agency (2020, January 22), Aljazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/north-korea-bans-foreign-tourists-china-virus-tour-agency-200122042416138.html.
- Novelli, M., Burgess, L.G., Jones, A. and Ritchie, N.W. (2018). ‘No Ebola…still doomed’ – The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, pp. 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.03.006.
- Page, S., Song, H., & Wu, D. C. (2012). Assessing the Impacts of the Global Economic Crisis and Swine Flu on Inbound Tourism Demand in the United Kingdom. Journal of Travel Research, 51(2), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511400754.
- Pine, R. and McKercher, B. (2004). The impact of SARS on Hong Kong’s tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16 (2), pp. 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110410520034.
- Sahin, T. (2020, February 3), Turkish Airlines extends flight suspension to China, Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkish-airlines-extends-flight-suspension-to-china/1722904.
- Schnaars, S. P. (1987). How to Develop and Use Scenarios. Long Range Planning, 20(1). 105-114.
- Sifolo, N. and Sifolo, P.P.S. (2014). The tourism inconvenience of the Ebola epidemic: lessons for the South African tourism sector. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4 (1), pp. 1-11.
- Song, H. and Turner, L. (2006). Tourism Demand Forecasting, in International Handbook on the Economics of Tourism (Eds. L. Dwyer and P. Forsyth). UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Turkey cancels international flights amid virus outbreak (2020, March 27), TRT World. Retrieved from https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-cancels-international-flights-amid-virus-outbreak-34918
- Turkey, Pakistan shut Iran border; Afghanistan bans travel over virus fears (2020, February 23), TRT World. Retrieved from https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/turkey-pakistan-shut-iran-border-afghanistan-bans-travel-over-virus-fears-34039
- Türkiye’nin uçuş yasağı getirdiği ülkelerin tam listesi (2020, March 20), Turizm Günlüğü. Retrieved from https://www.turizmgunlugu.com/2020/03/20/turkiyenin-ucus-yasagi-getirdigi-ulkelerin-tam-listesi/
- UNWTO (2020, Mar 27). International Tourist Arrivals Could Fall by 20-30% in 2020. Retrieved from https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-03/24-03Coronavirus_0.pdf.
- UNWTO (2020b, April 01). Tourism and COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-covid-19.
- Uysal, M. and Crompton, J. L. (1985). An Overview of Approaches Used to Forecast Tourism Demand, Journal of Travel Research, 23(4). 7-15.
- Wall, G. (2006). Recovering from SARS: The case of Toronto Tourism. In Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice (Eds. Mansfeld, Y. and Pizam, A.) 143-152. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Yıldızalp Özmen, M. and İnal, A. (2020). Kültür ve Turizm Bakanı Ersoy: Öngörümüz turizm sezonu mayıs sonuna ertelenecek, Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/
- Zorlu, F. (2020, January 27). Turkey urges citizens not to travel Hubei, China, Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-urges-citizens-not-to-travel-hubei-china/1715718.