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Analysis of Syndicated Loans from the Perspective of Competition Economics – Information Economics, Risk Management and Cooperation

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 41 - 68, 15.01.2021

Abstract

Syndicated loans are multilateral loans that a single bank cannot finance because of the magnitude and the intensity of the risks. This study analyzes how cooperation between banks based on information exchange affects the uncertainty and risk associated costs in a multilateral lending process. The main question to be answered during the study is “How the antitrust rules related to information exchange may be treated for the economic activities that may only be performed jointly?” The study tries to answer this question based on the relevant economics and finance literature. It concludes that information exchange in the multilateral lending process should be treated differently than bilateral lending.

References

  • Akerlof, G. A. (1970). “The Market for “Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), s.488-500.
  • Altunbaş, Y., Kara, A., ve Marqués-Ibáñez, D. (2010). “Large debt financing: syndicated loans versus corporate bonds”, The European Journal of Finance, 16(5), s.437-458.
  • Bebczuk, R. N. (2003). Asymmetric information in financial markets: introduction and applications. Cambridge University Press.
  • Besanko, D., ve Kanatas, G. (1993). “Credit market equilibrium with bank monitoring and moral hazard”, Review of Financial studies, 6(1), s.213-232.
  • Bessis, J. (2015). Risk Management in Banking (4th Edition), John Wiley ve Sons.
  • Bosch, O. (2006). Information Asymmetry and the Pricing of Private Debt-Evidence from European Syndicated Loans. Ljubljana Meetings Paper, Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2016, https://ssrn.com/abstract=963412.
  • Bretz, O. (2015). “Competition law and syndicated loans: identifying the regulatory risks”, Competition Law Journal, 14(4), 231–236.
  • Cai, J. (2010). “Competition or collaboration? The reciprocity effect in loan syndication”, FRB of Cleveland Policy Discussion Paper, No. 09–09R. Erişim tarihi 1 Aralık 2016, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1595066.
  • Chaudhry, S. M., ve Kleimeier, S. (2015). “Lead arranger reputation and the structure of loan syndicates”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 38, s.116–126.
  • Dennis, S. A., ve Mullineaux, D. J. (2000). “Syndicated Loans”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 9(4), s.404–442.
  • Gadanecz, B., Kara, A., ve Molyneux, P. (2012). “Asymmetric information among lending syndicate members and the value of repeat lending”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 22(4), s. 913–935.
  • Gatev, E., ve Strahan, P. E. (2009). “Liquidity risk and syndicate structure”, Journal of Financial Economics, 93(3), s.490-504.
  • Hillier, B., ve Ibrahimo, M. V. (1992). “The performance of credit markets under asymmetric information about project means and variances”, Journal of Economic Studies, 19(3), s.3-18.
  • Hirshleifer, J., ve Riley, J. G. (1979). “The analytics of uncertainty and information: An expository survey”, Journal of Economic Literature, 17(4), s.1375-1421.
  • Holmström, B. (1982). “Moral Hazard in Teams”, The Bell Journal of Economics, 13(2), s.324-332.
  • Holmström, B., ve Tirole, J. (1997). “Financial Intermediation, Loanable Funds, and the Real Sector”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(3), s.663–691.
  • Holmström, B. (1979). “Moral hazard and observability”, Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), s.74-91.
  • Ivashina, V. (2009). “Asymmetric information effects on loan spreads”, Journal of Financial Economics, 92(2), s.300–319.
  • Knight, F. H. (1921) Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Library of Economics and Liberty. Erişim tarihi 2 Aralık 2016: http://www.econlib.org/library/Knight/knRUP.html.
  • Le, H. (2013). “Risk-Sharing in the Syndicated Loan Market: Evidence from Lehman Brothers’ Collapse”, Erişim tarihi 1 Aralık 2016, http://people.stern.nyu.edu/hle/pdfs/main.pdf.
  • Lee, S. W., ve Mullineaux, D. J. (2004). “Monitoring, Financial Distress, and the Structure of Commercial Lending Syndicates”, Financial Management, 33(3), s.107–130.
  • Leland, H. E., ve Pyle, D. H. (1977). “Informational Asymmetries, Financial Structure, and Financial Intermediation”, The Journal of Finance, 32(2), s.371–387.
  • Madura, J. (2011). International Financial Management (12th Edition), Cengage Learning.
  • Miller, S. C. (2011). “A Syndicated Loan Primer”. Standard ve Poors (der.), A Guide to the Loan Market içinde, s. 7–29.
  • Millon, M. H., ve Thakor, A. V. (1985). “Moral hazard and information sharing: A model of financial information gathering agencies”, The Journal of Finance, 40(5), s.1403-1422.
  • Nelson, P. (1970). “Information and consumer behaviour”, Journal of Political Economy, 78(2), s.311-329.
  • Panyagometh, K., ve Roberts, G. S. (2010). “Do lead banks exploit syndicate participants? Evidence from ex post risk”, Financial Management, 39(1), s.273-299.
  • Pichler, P., ve Wilhelm, W. (2001). “A theory of the syndicate: Form follows function”, The Journal of Finance, 56(6), s.2237-2264.
  • Preece, D., ve Mullineaux, D. J. (1996). “Monitoring, loan renegotiability, and firm value: The role of lending syndicates”, Journal of Banking ve Finance, 20(3), s.577-593.
  • Rochet, J. C., ve Tirole, J. (2003). “Platform competition in two‐sided markets”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), s.990-1029.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2000). “The Contributions of the Economics of Information to Twentieth Century Economics”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(4), s. 1441-1478.
  • Sufi, A. (2007). “Information asymmetry and financing arrangements: Evidence from syndicated loans”, Journal of Finance, 62(2), s.629–668.
  • Tykvová, T. (2007). “Who chooses whom? Syndication, skills and reputation”, Review of Financial Economics, 16(1), s.5–28.
  • Vanhoose, D. (2009). The industrial organization of banking: bank behaviour, market structure, and regulation. Springer Science ve Business Media.
  • Varian, H. R. (2014). Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton ve Company.
  • Wilson, R. (1968). “The Theory of Syndicates”, Econometrica, 36(1), s.119–132.
  • Wright, J. (2004). “One-sided logic in two-sided markets”, Review of Network Economics, 3(1), s.44-64.
  • Wright, M., ve Lockett, A. (2003). “The structure and management of alliances: syndication in the venture capital industry”, Journal of Management Studies, 40(8), s.2073-2102.

Sendikasyon Kredilerinin Rekabet İktisadı Açısından İncelenmesi – Bilgi Ekonomisi, Risk Yönetimi ve İş Birliği

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 41 - 68, 15.01.2021

Abstract

Sendikasyon kredileri, verilecek kredi miktarının büyüklüğü ve alınacak risklerin yoğunluğu sebebiyle tek bir banka tarafından finanse edilemeyen çok taraflı kurumsal kredilerdir. Bu çalışma bilgi paylaşımına dayalı bir iş birliğinin bu tür kredi süreçlerindeki belirsizlik ve riske bağlı maliyetleri nasıl etkilendiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma boyunca özellikle cevaplanmaya çalışılan soru şudur: “Teşebbüslerin ancak ve ancak birlikte gerçekleştirebildikleri, aksi halde gerçekleşmesi mümkün olmayan, ekonomik aktiviteler için bilgi paylaşımı ve iş birliğine dair rekabet kuralları nasıl yorumlanmalıdır?” Bu çalışmanın ilgili iktisat ve finans literatürüne dayalı olarak çok taraflı kurumsal krediler özelinde bu soruya sunduğu cevap, bilgi paylaşımını da içeren iş birliği süreçlerinin iki taraflı kredi süreçlerindeki bilgi paylaşımından farklı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir.

References

  • Akerlof, G. A. (1970). “The Market for “Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), s.488-500.
  • Altunbaş, Y., Kara, A., ve Marqués-Ibáñez, D. (2010). “Large debt financing: syndicated loans versus corporate bonds”, The European Journal of Finance, 16(5), s.437-458.
  • Bebczuk, R. N. (2003). Asymmetric information in financial markets: introduction and applications. Cambridge University Press.
  • Besanko, D., ve Kanatas, G. (1993). “Credit market equilibrium with bank monitoring and moral hazard”, Review of Financial studies, 6(1), s.213-232.
  • Bessis, J. (2015). Risk Management in Banking (4th Edition), John Wiley ve Sons.
  • Bosch, O. (2006). Information Asymmetry and the Pricing of Private Debt-Evidence from European Syndicated Loans. Ljubljana Meetings Paper, Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2016, https://ssrn.com/abstract=963412.
  • Bretz, O. (2015). “Competition law and syndicated loans: identifying the regulatory risks”, Competition Law Journal, 14(4), 231–236.
  • Cai, J. (2010). “Competition or collaboration? The reciprocity effect in loan syndication”, FRB of Cleveland Policy Discussion Paper, No. 09–09R. Erişim tarihi 1 Aralık 2016, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1595066.
  • Chaudhry, S. M., ve Kleimeier, S. (2015). “Lead arranger reputation and the structure of loan syndicates”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 38, s.116–126.
  • Dennis, S. A., ve Mullineaux, D. J. (2000). “Syndicated Loans”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 9(4), s.404–442.
  • Gadanecz, B., Kara, A., ve Molyneux, P. (2012). “Asymmetric information among lending syndicate members and the value of repeat lending”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 22(4), s. 913–935.
  • Gatev, E., ve Strahan, P. E. (2009). “Liquidity risk and syndicate structure”, Journal of Financial Economics, 93(3), s.490-504.
  • Hillier, B., ve Ibrahimo, M. V. (1992). “The performance of credit markets under asymmetric information about project means and variances”, Journal of Economic Studies, 19(3), s.3-18.
  • Hirshleifer, J., ve Riley, J. G. (1979). “The analytics of uncertainty and information: An expository survey”, Journal of Economic Literature, 17(4), s.1375-1421.
  • Holmström, B. (1982). “Moral Hazard in Teams”, The Bell Journal of Economics, 13(2), s.324-332.
  • Holmström, B., ve Tirole, J. (1997). “Financial Intermediation, Loanable Funds, and the Real Sector”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(3), s.663–691.
  • Holmström, B. (1979). “Moral hazard and observability”, Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), s.74-91.
  • Ivashina, V. (2009). “Asymmetric information effects on loan spreads”, Journal of Financial Economics, 92(2), s.300–319.
  • Knight, F. H. (1921) Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Library of Economics and Liberty. Erişim tarihi 2 Aralık 2016: http://www.econlib.org/library/Knight/knRUP.html.
  • Le, H. (2013). “Risk-Sharing in the Syndicated Loan Market: Evidence from Lehman Brothers’ Collapse”, Erişim tarihi 1 Aralık 2016, http://people.stern.nyu.edu/hle/pdfs/main.pdf.
  • Lee, S. W., ve Mullineaux, D. J. (2004). “Monitoring, Financial Distress, and the Structure of Commercial Lending Syndicates”, Financial Management, 33(3), s.107–130.
  • Leland, H. E., ve Pyle, D. H. (1977). “Informational Asymmetries, Financial Structure, and Financial Intermediation”, The Journal of Finance, 32(2), s.371–387.
  • Madura, J. (2011). International Financial Management (12th Edition), Cengage Learning.
  • Miller, S. C. (2011). “A Syndicated Loan Primer”. Standard ve Poors (der.), A Guide to the Loan Market içinde, s. 7–29.
  • Millon, M. H., ve Thakor, A. V. (1985). “Moral hazard and information sharing: A model of financial information gathering agencies”, The Journal of Finance, 40(5), s.1403-1422.
  • Nelson, P. (1970). “Information and consumer behaviour”, Journal of Political Economy, 78(2), s.311-329.
  • Panyagometh, K., ve Roberts, G. S. (2010). “Do lead banks exploit syndicate participants? Evidence from ex post risk”, Financial Management, 39(1), s.273-299.
  • Pichler, P., ve Wilhelm, W. (2001). “A theory of the syndicate: Form follows function”, The Journal of Finance, 56(6), s.2237-2264.
  • Preece, D., ve Mullineaux, D. J. (1996). “Monitoring, loan renegotiability, and firm value: The role of lending syndicates”, Journal of Banking ve Finance, 20(3), s.577-593.
  • Rochet, J. C., ve Tirole, J. (2003). “Platform competition in two‐sided markets”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), s.990-1029.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2000). “The Contributions of the Economics of Information to Twentieth Century Economics”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(4), s. 1441-1478.
  • Sufi, A. (2007). “Information asymmetry and financing arrangements: Evidence from syndicated loans”, Journal of Finance, 62(2), s.629–668.
  • Tykvová, T. (2007). “Who chooses whom? Syndication, skills and reputation”, Review of Financial Economics, 16(1), s.5–28.
  • Vanhoose, D. (2009). The industrial organization of banking: bank behaviour, market structure, and regulation. Springer Science ve Business Media.
  • Varian, H. R. (2014). Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton ve Company.
  • Wilson, R. (1968). “The Theory of Syndicates”, Econometrica, 36(1), s.119–132.
  • Wright, J. (2004). “One-sided logic in two-sided markets”, Review of Network Economics, 3(1), s.44-64.
  • Wright, M., ve Lockett, A. (2003). “The structure and management of alliances: syndication in the venture capital industry”, Journal of Management Studies, 40(8), s.2073-2102.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emin Köksal 0000-0003-4232-3193

Şahin Ardıyok This is me 0000-0002-0303-8376

Publication Date January 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Köksal, E., & Ardıyok, Ş. (2021). Sendikasyon Kredilerinin Rekabet İktisadı Açısından İncelenmesi – Bilgi Ekonomisi, Risk Yönetimi ve İş Birliği. Ekonomi-Tek, 10(1), 41-68.