Research Article
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Geleneksel Olmayan Para ve Maliye Politikalarının Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 123 - 148, 05.02.2024

Abstract

2009'daki küresel mali krizin benzeri görülmemiş doğası, politika yapıcılarını daha sonra Kovid-19 salgını sırasında da yaygın olarak kullanılan geleneksel olmayan, alışılmadık politika önlemlerini benimsemeye zorladı. Zengin bir mali yapı ve finansal sürtüşmeleri yapısında barındıran bir Yeni Keynesyen genel denge modeli kullanan bu makale, bu tür iki politikanın - kredi gevşemesi ve banka sermayesi enjeksiyonları - kapsamlı bir maliyet-fayda analizini sunmaktadır. Ağırlıklı olarak bu önlemlerin faydalarına odaklanan mevcut çalışmaların çoğunun aksine, bu çalışma her iki politikanın ödeme maliyetini açıkça dikkate almaktadır. Bulgularımız, kredi gevşemesi ile karşılaştırıldığında, banka sermayesi enjeksiyonlarının ekonomi üzerinde daha büyük istikrar sağlayıcı etkisine ve daha yüksek refah kazanımlarına işaret etmektedir.

References

  • Batini, N., Levine, P. and Lotti, E. (2011). The Costs and Benefits of Informality, University of Surrey Discussion Papers in Economics No. 02/11.
  • Benigno, P. (2016). The Relevance or Irrelevance of Asset Purchase Programs, Sveriges Riksbank Economic Review, 3, 78-85.
  • Bernanke, B. (2020). The New Tools of Monetary Policy, American Economic Review, 110, 943-983.
  • Black, L. and Hazelwood, L. (2013). The Effect of TARP on Bank Risk-Taking, Journal of Financial Stability, 9 (4), 790-803.
  • Calvo, G. A. (1983). Staggered Prices in a Utility-maximizing Framework, Journal of Monetary Economics, 12 (3), 383-398.
  • Cantore, C., Levine, P., Melina, G. and Pearlman, J. (2019). Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy, Debt Crisis and Management. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 23 (3), 1166-1204.
  • Christiano, L. J., Eichenbaum, M. and Evans, C. L. (2005). Nominal Rigidities and the Dynamic Effects of a Shock to Monetary Policy. Journal of Political Economy, 113 (1), 1-45.
  • Claessens, S. ed. (2012). Macroprudential Regulatory Policies: The New Road to Fiscal Stability? World Scientific, 17.
  • Contessi, S. and El-Ghazaly, H. (2011). Banking Crises Around the World. The Regional Economist, issue April.
  • Cortes, G.S., Gao, G.P., Silva, F.B. and Song, Z. (2022). Unconventional Monetary Policy and Disaster Risk: Evidence from the Subprime and COVID–19 Crises. Journal of International Money and Finance, 122, 102543.
  • Curdia, V. and Woodford, M. (2010). Conventional and Unconventional Monetary Policy. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 92(4), 229-64.
  • Dedola, L., Georgiadis, G., Gra¨b, J. and Mehl, A. (2021). Does a Big Bazooka Matter? Quantitative Easing Policies and Exchange Rates. Journal of Monetary Economics, 117, 489-506.
  • Del Negro, M., Eggertsson, G., Ferrero, A. and Kiyotaki, N. (2010). The Great Escape? A Quantitative Evaluation of the Fed’s Non-Standard Policies, NBER Working Paper No. 22259.
  • Drautzburg, T. and Uhlig, H. (2015). Fiscal Stimulus and Distortionary Taxation. Review of Economic Dynamics, 18 (4), 894-920.
  • Gertler, M. and Karadi, P. (2011). A Model of Unconventional Monetary Policy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 58 (1), 17-34.
  • Hirakata, N., Sudo, N. and Ueda, K. (2013). Capital Injection, Monetary Policy and Financial Accelerators. International Journal of Central Banking, 9 (2), 101-145.
  • Karadi, P., Nakov, A. (2021). Effectiveness and Addictiveness of Quantitative Easing. Journal of Monetary Economics, 117, 1096–1117.
  • Leeper, R., Ratto M., Roeger W. and in.t Veld, J. (2012). Fiscal Policy, Banks and the Financial Crisis. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 37 (2), 387-403.
  • Leeper, E. M. (1991). Equilibria Under ’Active’ and ’Passive’ Monetary and Fiscal Policies. Journal of Monetary Economics, 27 (1), 129-147.
  • Leeper, E. M., Plante, M. and Traum, N. (2010). Dynamics of Fiscal Financing in the United States. Journal of Econometrics, 156 (2), 304-321.
  • Orphanides, A. (2016). Fiscal Implications of Central Bank Balance Sheet Policies. Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability, Goethe University Frankfurt Am Main, Working Paper Series, No. 105.
  • Schmitt-Grohe, S. and Uribe, M. (2007). Optimal Simple Implementable Monetary and Fiscal Rules. Journal of Monetary Economics, 54 (6), 1702-1725.
  • Smets, F., and Wouters, R. (2007) Shocks and Frictions in the US Business Cycle: A Bayesian DSGE Approach. American Economic Review, 97, 586–606.
  • Trabandt, M. and Uhlig, H. (2011). The Laffer Curve Revisited. Journal of Monetary Economics, 58 (4), 305-327.

Assessing Unconventional Monetary and Fiscal Policies

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 123 - 148, 05.02.2024

Abstract

Unprecedented nature of the global financial crisis in 2009 forced policymakers to adopt unconventional policy measures which then became part of the policy tool set that was widely used during the Covid-19 pandemic. Utilizing a New Keynesian general equilibrium model with a rich fiscal structure and financial frictions, this paper provides a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of two such policies; credit easing and bank capital injections. In contrast to much of the existing work on unconventional policy that predominantly focuses on the benefits of these measures, our work explicitly considers the cost of paying for each policy. Interestingly, we find that both unconventional measures are welfare improving even under distortionary taxes. Compared to credit easing, the use of bank capital injections has a greater stabilizing effect on the economy and generates higher welfare gains even with lower returns to equity supplied through the latter relative to the former.

References

  • Batini, N., Levine, P. and Lotti, E. (2011). The Costs and Benefits of Informality, University of Surrey Discussion Papers in Economics No. 02/11.
  • Benigno, P. (2016). The Relevance or Irrelevance of Asset Purchase Programs, Sveriges Riksbank Economic Review, 3, 78-85.
  • Bernanke, B. (2020). The New Tools of Monetary Policy, American Economic Review, 110, 943-983.
  • Black, L. and Hazelwood, L. (2013). The Effect of TARP on Bank Risk-Taking, Journal of Financial Stability, 9 (4), 790-803.
  • Calvo, G. A. (1983). Staggered Prices in a Utility-maximizing Framework, Journal of Monetary Economics, 12 (3), 383-398.
  • Cantore, C., Levine, P., Melina, G. and Pearlman, J. (2019). Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy, Debt Crisis and Management. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 23 (3), 1166-1204.
  • Christiano, L. J., Eichenbaum, M. and Evans, C. L. (2005). Nominal Rigidities and the Dynamic Effects of a Shock to Monetary Policy. Journal of Political Economy, 113 (1), 1-45.
  • Claessens, S. ed. (2012). Macroprudential Regulatory Policies: The New Road to Fiscal Stability? World Scientific, 17.
  • Contessi, S. and El-Ghazaly, H. (2011). Banking Crises Around the World. The Regional Economist, issue April.
  • Cortes, G.S., Gao, G.P., Silva, F.B. and Song, Z. (2022). Unconventional Monetary Policy and Disaster Risk: Evidence from the Subprime and COVID–19 Crises. Journal of International Money and Finance, 122, 102543.
  • Curdia, V. and Woodford, M. (2010). Conventional and Unconventional Monetary Policy. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 92(4), 229-64.
  • Dedola, L., Georgiadis, G., Gra¨b, J. and Mehl, A. (2021). Does a Big Bazooka Matter? Quantitative Easing Policies and Exchange Rates. Journal of Monetary Economics, 117, 489-506.
  • Del Negro, M., Eggertsson, G., Ferrero, A. and Kiyotaki, N. (2010). The Great Escape? A Quantitative Evaluation of the Fed’s Non-Standard Policies, NBER Working Paper No. 22259.
  • Drautzburg, T. and Uhlig, H. (2015). Fiscal Stimulus and Distortionary Taxation. Review of Economic Dynamics, 18 (4), 894-920.
  • Gertler, M. and Karadi, P. (2011). A Model of Unconventional Monetary Policy. Journal of Monetary Economics, 58 (1), 17-34.
  • Hirakata, N., Sudo, N. and Ueda, K. (2013). Capital Injection, Monetary Policy and Financial Accelerators. International Journal of Central Banking, 9 (2), 101-145.
  • Karadi, P., Nakov, A. (2021). Effectiveness and Addictiveness of Quantitative Easing. Journal of Monetary Economics, 117, 1096–1117.
  • Leeper, R., Ratto M., Roeger W. and in.t Veld, J. (2012). Fiscal Policy, Banks and the Financial Crisis. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 37 (2), 387-403.
  • Leeper, E. M. (1991). Equilibria Under ’Active’ and ’Passive’ Monetary and Fiscal Policies. Journal of Monetary Economics, 27 (1), 129-147.
  • Leeper, E. M., Plante, M. and Traum, N. (2010). Dynamics of Fiscal Financing in the United States. Journal of Econometrics, 156 (2), 304-321.
  • Orphanides, A. (2016). Fiscal Implications of Central Bank Balance Sheet Policies. Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability, Goethe University Frankfurt Am Main, Working Paper Series, No. 105.
  • Schmitt-Grohe, S. and Uribe, M. (2007). Optimal Simple Implementable Monetary and Fiscal Rules. Journal of Monetary Economics, 54 (6), 1702-1725.
  • Smets, F., and Wouters, R. (2007) Shocks and Frictions in the US Business Cycle: A Bayesian DSGE Approach. American Economic Review, 97, 586–606.
  • Trabandt, M. and Uhlig, H. (2011). The Laffer Curve Revisited. Journal of Monetary Economics, 58 (4), 305-327.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Policy of Treasury, Monetary Policy, Monetary-Banking
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gulcin Ozkan 0000-0001-7652-1361

Yaprak Tavman 0009-0004-9900-8172

Publication Date February 5, 2024
Submission Date January 5, 2024
Acceptance Date February 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ozkan, G., & Tavman, Y. (2024). Assessing Unconventional Monetary and Fiscal Policies. Ekonomi-Tek, 12(3), 123-148.