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Türkiye’de Kadın İşgücü Arzı: 2013-2019

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 219 - 247, 07.09.2025

Abstract

Kadınların işgücü arzının artırılması, dünya genelinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de ekonomik gelişim açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Kadınların işgücü arzının artırılabilmesi için bunu belirleyen faktörlerin tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Çalışmada, “Yapısal Kesikli Seçim İşgücü Arzı” (Structural Discrete Choice Labor Supply) modeli kullanılarak kadınların işgücü arz esneklikleri mikro düzeyde tahmin edilerek literatüre katkı sağlanmıştır. Sonuçlar, evli ve bekar kadınların işgücü arzında belirgin farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Çocuk sahibi olmak ve çocukların yaş grubu kadınların çalışma kararlarını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Küçük çocuğu olan kadınların işgücü arz esneklikleri diğerlerine göre yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca eğitim ve gelir düzeyinin artmasıyla işgücü arz esnekliği azalmaktadır. Bu nedenle, elde edilen bulgular mikrosimülasyon analizleri ile sosyal politikaların etkilerinin önceden (ex-ante) değerlendirilmesine katkıda bulunacaktır.

References

  • Aaberge, R., Dagsvik, J.K, Storm, S., (1995). Labor Supply Responses and Welfare Effects of Tax Reforms, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics , 97 (4), 635-659.
  • Acar Balaylar, N., Üçdoğruk, Ş., ve Emeç, H. (2024). Türkiye’de Cinsiyetler Arası Ücret Açığının Sektörel Perspektiften Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyonla İncelenmesi: Yapışkan Zemin ve Cam Tavan. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 39(4), 872-892.
  • Acun, S. (2018). Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliğinin Analizi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Anaysis, 3(4), 237-260.
  • Akay, E. C. ve Uyar, S. K., (2016). Estimation of The Mincerian Wage Equation in Turkey A Semiparametric Approach, EconWorld Konferansı 2016. Barselona
  • Akay, E. C. ve Uyar, S. K. (2017). Reexamining the Mincerian Wage Equation in Turkey: Functional form and Interpretation. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(2), 225-237.
  • Akhmedjonov, A. (2012). New Evidence on Pay Gap Between Men and Women in Turkey. Economic Letters, 117(1), 32-34.
  • Aktaş A. ve Uysal G. (2016). The Gender Wage Gap in Turkey, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 1-19.
  • Alcan, S. ve Özsoy, O. (2018). Sağlığın Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(4), 1095-1139.
  • Balkan, B., Baskaya, Y. ve Tümen, S. (2016). Evaluating the Impact of the Post-2008 Employment Subsidy Program in Turkey. lZA Discussion Papers, No. 9993, IZA Institute for the Study of Labor.
  • Blundell, R., Bozio, A., Laroque, G. (2011). Extensive and Intensive Margins of Labour Supply: Working Hours in the US, UK and France. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 6051, IZA Institute for the Study of Labor.
  • Breunig, R., ve Mercante, J. (2010, March). The Accuracy of Predicted Wages of the Non-Employed and Implications for Policy Simulations from Structural Labour Supply Models. The Economic Record, 86(272), 49-70.
  • Cameron, A. C., ve Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press.
  • Creedy, J. ve Kalb, G. (2006). Labour Supply and Microsimulation: The Evaluation of Tax Policy Reforms. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Cudeville, E. ve Gurbuzer, L. Y. (2010). Gender Wage Discrimination in the Turkish Labor Market: Can Turkey be Part of Europe?, Comparative Economic Studies, 52(3), 429- 463.
  • Çınar, M. ve Öz, R. (2018). Hizmet Sektörü için Ücret Tahmini: İnsan Sermayesi Modeli. İzmir Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Kongresi. İzmir.
  • Dayıoğlu, M. (2023). Kadın İşgücünün Değişen Yapısı. Ömer Faruk Çolak (Der.). Yüzyılın Ekonomisi içinde (s.1039-1066), Efil Yayıncılık.
  • Dayıoğlu, M. ve Kasnakoğlu, Z. (1997). Kentsel Kesimde Kadin ve Erkeklerin İşgücüne Katılımları ve Kazanç Farklılıkları. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 24(3), 329-361.
  • Flood, L., Hansen, J. ve Wahlberg, R. (2003, April). Household Labor Supply and Welfare Participation in Sweden. IZA Discussion Paper Series, No.769, IZA Institute for the Study of Labor.
  • Hisarcıklılar, M. ve Ercan, H. (2005). Gender Based Wage Differentials in Turkey. Bilgi Dergisi, 2005(1), 45-62.
  • Ilkkaracan, I., ve Selim, R. (2007). The Gender Wage Gap in the Turkish Labor Market. LABOUR: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, 21(2), 563- 593.
  • Kaya, E. (2017). Quantile regression and the gender wage gap: Is there a glass ceiling in the Turkish labor market?, Cardiff Economics Working Papers, No. E2017/5, Cardiff University, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff.
  • Löffler, M., Peichl, A., ve Siegloch, S. (2018, March). The Sensitivity of Structural Labor Supply Estimations to Modeling Assumptions. IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 11425, IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
  • McFadden, D. L. (1974). Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior. Zarembka, P. (Der). Economic Theroy and Mathematical Economics içinde (s.105-142). New York: Academic Press.
  • OECD. (2025). Labour force participation rate. Erişim tarihi 7 Mart 2025, Erişim Linki: https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_LFS%40DF_IALFS_LF_WAP_Q&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.TPS&dq=OECD%2BTUR.LF_WAP.._Z.Y.F%2BM.Y15T64..A&pd=2022%2C2024&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=tb
  • Paolo, A. ve Tansel, A. (2017). Analyzing Wage Differentials by Fields of Study: Evidence from Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 10915, IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
  • Singhal, N. (2021). Discrete Choice Models for Estimating Labor Supply. Working Paper Series Congressional Budget Office Washington, D.C., Working Paper 2021-04.
  • Tansel, A. (1992). Wage Employment, Earnings and Returns to Schooling for Men and Women in Turkey. Center Discussion Paper, 661, Yale University, Economic Growth Center, New Haven, CT.
  • Tansel, A. (1999). Formal Versus Informal Sector Choice of Wage Earners and Their Wages in Turkey. Economic Research Forum Working Paper, 9927.
  • Tansel, A. (2005). Public-Private Employment Choice, Wage Differentials, and Gender in Turkey. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(2).
  • Taymaz, E. (2009, March). Informality and Productivity: Productivity Differentials between Formal and Informal Firms in Turkey. ERC Working Papers 0901, Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
  • Toksöz, G. ve Memiş, E. (2020). Gender Inequalities in Informal Employment and Wage Gap in Turkish Manufacturing. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 31(114), 39-71.
  • Train, K. E. (2009). Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation. Cambridge University Press.
  • Tuç, S. (2023). “The impact of social policy on female labor supply in Turkey” (Tez No: 832411) [Doktora tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi], YÖK Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=S2eMu1TIwY_v4mYv58xArxST7ffSY6LUyTKXj-4_4KkU-ot9R7yjA1XYPZA-KeNO
  • Tunalı, İ. ve Başlevent, C. (2002). Married Women’s Participation Choices and Productivity Differentials: Evidence from Urban Turkey. METU/ERC International Conference in Economics VI, 2002.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2013–2019). Hanehalkı Bütçe Mikro Veri Seti, Ankara, Türkiye: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://evam.tuik.gov.tr/dataset/detail/25
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). Kazanç Yapısı İstatistikleri, Ankara, Türkiye: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kazanc-Yapisi-Istatistikleri-2023-53700
  • Van Soest, A. (1995). Structural Models of Family Labor Supply: A Discrete Choice Approach. The Journal of Human Resources, 30(1), 63-88.

Female Labor Supply in Türkiye: 2013-2019

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 219 - 247, 07.09.2025

Abstract

Increasing women's labor supply is critical to economic development in Türkiye, as it is globally. Identifying the factors that determine women's labor supply is essential for designing effective policies. This study contributes to the literature by estimating women's labor supply elasticities at the micro level using the Structural Discrete Choice Labor Supply model. The findings indicate significant differences in labor supply behavior between married and single women. The presence of children and their age group have a direct impact on women's employment decisions, with the labor supply elasticity being higher for women with young children. Moreover, labor supply elasticities decrease as education and income levels increase. Our findings will contribute to the ex-ante evaluation of the effects of social policies through microsimulation analyses.

References

  • Aaberge, R., Dagsvik, J.K, Storm, S., (1995). Labor Supply Responses and Welfare Effects of Tax Reforms, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics , 97 (4), 635-659.
  • Acar Balaylar, N., Üçdoğruk, Ş., ve Emeç, H. (2024). Türkiye’de Cinsiyetler Arası Ücret Açığının Sektörel Perspektiften Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyonla İncelenmesi: Yapışkan Zemin ve Cam Tavan. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 39(4), 872-892.
  • Acun, S. (2018). Türkiye’de Ücret Eşitsizliğinin Analizi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Anaysis, 3(4), 237-260.
  • Akay, E. C. ve Uyar, S. K., (2016). Estimation of The Mincerian Wage Equation in Turkey A Semiparametric Approach, EconWorld Konferansı 2016. Barselona
  • Akay, E. C. ve Uyar, S. K. (2017). Reexamining the Mincerian Wage Equation in Turkey: Functional form and Interpretation. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(2), 225-237.
  • Akhmedjonov, A. (2012). New Evidence on Pay Gap Between Men and Women in Turkey. Economic Letters, 117(1), 32-34.
  • Aktaş A. ve Uysal G. (2016). The Gender Wage Gap in Turkey, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 1-19.
  • Alcan, S. ve Özsoy, O. (2018). Sağlığın Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(4), 1095-1139.
  • Balkan, B., Baskaya, Y. ve Tümen, S. (2016). Evaluating the Impact of the Post-2008 Employment Subsidy Program in Turkey. lZA Discussion Papers, No. 9993, IZA Institute for the Study of Labor.
  • Blundell, R., Bozio, A., Laroque, G. (2011). Extensive and Intensive Margins of Labour Supply: Working Hours in the US, UK and France. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 6051, IZA Institute for the Study of Labor.
  • Breunig, R., ve Mercante, J. (2010, March). The Accuracy of Predicted Wages of the Non-Employed and Implications for Policy Simulations from Structural Labour Supply Models. The Economic Record, 86(272), 49-70.
  • Cameron, A. C., ve Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press.
  • Creedy, J. ve Kalb, G. (2006). Labour Supply and Microsimulation: The Evaluation of Tax Policy Reforms. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Cudeville, E. ve Gurbuzer, L. Y. (2010). Gender Wage Discrimination in the Turkish Labor Market: Can Turkey be Part of Europe?, Comparative Economic Studies, 52(3), 429- 463.
  • Çınar, M. ve Öz, R. (2018). Hizmet Sektörü için Ücret Tahmini: İnsan Sermayesi Modeli. İzmir Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Kongresi. İzmir.
  • Dayıoğlu, M. (2023). Kadın İşgücünün Değişen Yapısı. Ömer Faruk Çolak (Der.). Yüzyılın Ekonomisi içinde (s.1039-1066), Efil Yayıncılık.
  • Dayıoğlu, M. ve Kasnakoğlu, Z. (1997). Kentsel Kesimde Kadin ve Erkeklerin İşgücüne Katılımları ve Kazanç Farklılıkları. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 24(3), 329-361.
  • Flood, L., Hansen, J. ve Wahlberg, R. (2003, April). Household Labor Supply and Welfare Participation in Sweden. IZA Discussion Paper Series, No.769, IZA Institute for the Study of Labor.
  • Hisarcıklılar, M. ve Ercan, H. (2005). Gender Based Wage Differentials in Turkey. Bilgi Dergisi, 2005(1), 45-62.
  • Ilkkaracan, I., ve Selim, R. (2007). The Gender Wage Gap in the Turkish Labor Market. LABOUR: Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, 21(2), 563- 593.
  • Kaya, E. (2017). Quantile regression and the gender wage gap: Is there a glass ceiling in the Turkish labor market?, Cardiff Economics Working Papers, No. E2017/5, Cardiff University, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff.
  • Löffler, M., Peichl, A., ve Siegloch, S. (2018, March). The Sensitivity of Structural Labor Supply Estimations to Modeling Assumptions. IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 11425, IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
  • McFadden, D. L. (1974). Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior. Zarembka, P. (Der). Economic Theroy and Mathematical Economics içinde (s.105-142). New York: Academic Press.
  • OECD. (2025). Labour force participation rate. Erişim tarihi 7 Mart 2025, Erişim Linki: https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?lc=en&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_LFS%40DF_IALFS_LF_WAP_Q&df[ag]=OECD.SDD.TPS&dq=OECD%2BTUR.LF_WAP.._Z.Y.F%2BM.Y15T64..A&pd=2022%2C2024&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&vw=tb
  • Paolo, A. ve Tansel, A. (2017). Analyzing Wage Differentials by Fields of Study: Evidence from Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 10915, IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
  • Singhal, N. (2021). Discrete Choice Models for Estimating Labor Supply. Working Paper Series Congressional Budget Office Washington, D.C., Working Paper 2021-04.
  • Tansel, A. (1992). Wage Employment, Earnings and Returns to Schooling for Men and Women in Turkey. Center Discussion Paper, 661, Yale University, Economic Growth Center, New Haven, CT.
  • Tansel, A. (1999). Formal Versus Informal Sector Choice of Wage Earners and Their Wages in Turkey. Economic Research Forum Working Paper, 9927.
  • Tansel, A. (2005). Public-Private Employment Choice, Wage Differentials, and Gender in Turkey. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(2).
  • Taymaz, E. (2009, March). Informality and Productivity: Productivity Differentials between Formal and Informal Firms in Turkey. ERC Working Papers 0901, Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
  • Toksöz, G. ve Memiş, E. (2020). Gender Inequalities in Informal Employment and Wage Gap in Turkish Manufacturing. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 31(114), 39-71.
  • Train, K. E. (2009). Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation. Cambridge University Press.
  • Tuç, S. (2023). “The impact of social policy on female labor supply in Turkey” (Tez No: 832411) [Doktora tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi], YÖK Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=S2eMu1TIwY_v4mYv58xArxST7ffSY6LUyTKXj-4_4KkU-ot9R7yjA1XYPZA-KeNO
  • Tunalı, İ. ve Başlevent, C. (2002). Married Women’s Participation Choices and Productivity Differentials: Evidence from Urban Turkey. METU/ERC International Conference in Economics VI, 2002.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2013–2019). Hanehalkı Bütçe Mikro Veri Seti, Ankara, Türkiye: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://evam.tuik.gov.tr/dataset/detail/25
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). Kazanç Yapısı İstatistikleri, Ankara, Türkiye: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kazanc-Yapisi-Istatistikleri-2023-53700
  • Van Soest, A. (1995). Structural Models of Family Labor Supply: A Discrete Choice Approach. The Journal of Human Resources, 30(1), 63-88.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Applied Microeconometrics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sine Tuç 0000-0002-5653-9924

Erol Taymaz 0000-0001-7525-6674

Publication Date September 7, 2025
Submission Date January 30, 2025
Acceptance Date April 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tuç, S., & Taymaz, E. (2025). Türkiye’de Kadın İşgücü Arzı: 2013-2019. Ekonomi-tek, 14(2), 219-247.