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Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm connected to Main Grid with High Voltage Direct Current Transmission

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 198 - 209, 03.08.2018

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/electrica.2018.73966


Offshore wind farms inherently need alternating current (AC) grid connection with undersea cables. However, this requires reactive power compensation, which is costly and not practical. Moreover, it threads the stability of the system. For these reasons, high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is a promising solution since no reactive power is needed. Furthermore, the DC power flow between offshore and onshore locations as well as the reactive power at either side can easily be controlled by voltage source converters (VSCs). In this paper, the modeling and control of an offshore wind farm connected to the mainland grid power with HVDC transmission is proposed. A control strategy is proposed to control active and reactive power at the offshore wind farm converter and DC voltage at the onshore converter. The overall system, including wind farm, offshore and onshore converters, HVDC transmission, and AC grid side, were tested and verified in a simulation environment. The designed control systems of the VSCs were tested by various case studies.

References

  • 1. J. Lin, “Integrating the First HVDC-Based Offshore Wind Power into PJM System - A Real Project Case Study”, PJM Interconnection, Audubon, PA 19403, USA, pp. 1-8, 2015.
  • 2. L. Wang, K.-H. Wang, W.-J. Lee, Z. Chen “Power-flow control and stability enhancement of four parallel-operated offshore wind farms using a line-commutated HVDC link”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1190-1202, 2010.
  • 3. F. Careri, S. Member, C. Genesi, P. Marannino, “Centralized coordinated control of VSC-HVDC link and DFIGs in very large offshore wind power plants”, IEEE Trondheim PowerTech, pp. 1-8, 2011.
  • 4. J. Lin, “Integrating the First HVDC-Based Offshore Wind Power into PJM System - A Real Project Case Study”, IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp. 1-8, 2015.
  • 5. D. Elliott, K. R. W. Bell, S. J. Finney, R. Adapa, C. Bronzio, J. Yu, K. Hussain, “A Comparison of AC and HVDC Options for the Connection of Offshore Wind Generation in Great Britain”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 798-809, 2016.
  • 6. X. Rong, D. E. Macpherson,J. K. H. Shek, “The Effect of High Power DC-DC Converter in Offshore Multi-Terminal Medium and High Voltage DC Networks”, International Conference on Renewable Power Generation (RPG 2015), 2015.
  • 7. G. Asplund, K. Eriksson, H. Jiang, J. Lindberg, R. Pålsson, K. Svensson, “DC Transmission Based on Voltage Source Converters,” ABB Power Syst AB, pp.1-10, 1997.
  • 8. G. Asplund, “Sustainable energy systems with HVDC transmission,” pp. 1-5, 1999.
  • 9. D. Stanley, “The Directlink VSC-Based HVDC Project and its Commissioning”, Cigre, vol. 14, no.108, pp. 9-18, 2002.
  • 10. H. Light, “The world ‘ s most remote offshore wind farm BorWin1 HVDC Light ® offshore wind farm link”, 2011.
  • 11. Z. Chen, Y. Hu, F. Blaabjerg, “Stability improvement of induction generator-based wind turbine systems,”IET Renew Power Gener, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 81-93, 2007.
  • 12. S. Lauria, M. Schembari, F. Palone, M. Maccioni, “Very long distance connection of gigawatt- size offshore wind farms : extra high-voltage AC versus high-voltage DC cost comparison”, IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 1, pp. 713-720, 2015.
  • 13. Y. Keche, V. K. Chandrakar, “Integrated operation of Grid and HVDC connected Offshore Wind Farm”, International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy Information and Communication (ICCPEIC), pp. 666-674, 2016.
  • 14. R. Safaeian, S. Ebrahimi, M. Parniani, “Performance Improvement of Steady-State and Transient Operation of Offshore Wind Farm HVDC Power Transmission”, IEEE 16th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL), 2015.
  • 15. S. Muller, M. Diecke, W. Rik, “Doubly fed induction Generator systems for wind turbine,” IEEE Industry Application, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 26-33, 2002.
  • 16. J. B. Ekanayake, L. Holdsworth, N. Jenkins, “Comparison of 5th order and 3rd order machine models for doubly fed induction generator wind turbines,” Electr Power Syst Res, vol. 67, pp. 207-215, 2003.
  • 17. S. Bozhko, G. Asher, R. Li, J. Clare, S. Member, L. Yao, “Large Offshore DFIG-Based Wind Farm With Line-Commutated HVDC Connection to the Main Grid : Engineering Studies”, IEEE Trans Energy Convers, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 119-127, 2008.
  • 18. P. Bresesti, W. L. Kling, R. L. Hendriks, R. Vailati, “HVDC Connection of Offshore Wind Farms to the Transmission System”, IEEE Trans Energy Convers, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 37-43, 2007.
  • 19. R. Iravani, A. Yazdani, “Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems:Modeling, Control, and Applications”, New York, NY: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2010.
  • 20. N. Flourentzou, S. Member, V. G. Agelidis, S. Member, G. D. Demetriades, “VSC-Based HVDC Power Transmission Systems : An Overview”, IEEE Transtactions Power Electron, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 592-602, 2009. [21] A. Irina Stan, D. Ioan Stroe “Control of VSC-Based HVDC Transmission System for Offshore Wind,” Master Thesis, Aalborg university Denmark, 2010.
  • 22. F. Deng, Z. Chen, “An Offshore Wind Farm with DC Grid Connection and Its Performance under Power System Transients”, IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011.
  • 23. M. Zhao. Z. Chen. F. Blaabjerg, “Optimisation of electrical system for offshore wind farms via genetic algorithm,” IET Renew. Power Gener, vol. 3, no.2, pp. 205-216, 2009.
  • 24. J. Bhukya, V. Mahajan, “The controlling of the DFIG based on variable speed wind turbine modeling and simulation”, IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), 2016.
  • 25. Y. Li, Z. Xu, J. Ostergaard, D. J. Hill, “Coordinated Control Strategies for Offshore Wind Farm Integration via VSC - HVDC for System Frequency Support”, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 843-856, 2017.
  • 26. S. Dinesh, R. Meenakshi, M. S. Suhanya, M. S. Kumaran, R. Muthu, “Modeling and Direct Power Control of DFIG for Wind Energy Conversion System with a Back to Back Converter”, International Conference on Green Computing Communication and Electrical Engineering (ICGCCEE), 2014.
  • 27. L. Xu, S. Member, L. Yao, and C. Sasse, “Grid Integration of Large DFIG-Based Wind Farms Using VSC Transmission,” IEEE Trans Power Syst, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 976-984, 2007.
  • 28. M. M. Z. Moustafa, O. Nzimako, A. Dekhordi, “Modelling of Wind Energy Sources in Real Time Platform”, 28th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), 2016.
  • 29 T. M. Haileselassie, “Control of Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC Systems”, Master Thesis, Norwegian Univ of Tech., 2008.
  • 30. K. Karthi, R. Radhakrishnan, J. M. Baskaran, L. S. Titus, “Performance Analysis on Various Controllers of VSC - HVDC Transmission Systems”, IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research, 2016.
  • 31. C. Zhao, C. Guo, “Complete-Independent Control Strategy of Active and Reactive Power for VSC Based HVDC System”, IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2009.
  • 32. Ch.Yaswanth, A.Vijayasri “VSC Based HVDC Sytem Design and Protection against Over Voltages”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 46-57, 2014.

Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm connected to Main Grid with High Voltage Direct Current Transmission

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 198 - 209, 03.08.2018

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/electrica.2018.73966


Offshore
wind farms inherently need alternating current (AC) grid connection with
undersea cables. However, this requires reactive power compensation, which is
costly and not practical. Moreover, it threads the stability of the system. For
these reasons, high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is a promising
solution since no reactive power is needed. Furthermore, the DC power flow
between offshore and onshore locations as well as the reactive power at either
side can easily be controlled by voltage source converters (VSCs). In this
paper, the modeling and control of an offshore wind farm connected to the
mainland grid power with HVDC transmission is proposed. A control strategy is
proposed to control active and reactive power at the offshore wind farm
converter and DC voltage at the onshore converter. The overall system,
including wind farm, offshore and onshore converters, HVDC transmission, and AC
grid side, were tested and verified in a simulation environment. The designed
control systems of the VSCs were tested by various case studies.

References

  • 1. J. Lin, “Integrating the First HVDC-Based Offshore Wind Power into PJM System - A Real Project Case Study”, PJM Interconnection, Audubon, PA 19403, USA, pp. 1-8, 2015.
  • 2. L. Wang, K.-H. Wang, W.-J. Lee, Z. Chen “Power-flow control and stability enhancement of four parallel-operated offshore wind farms using a line-commutated HVDC link”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1190-1202, 2010.
  • 3. F. Careri, S. Member, C. Genesi, P. Marannino, “Centralized coordinated control of VSC-HVDC link and DFIGs in very large offshore wind power plants”, IEEE Trondheim PowerTech, pp. 1-8, 2011.
  • 4. J. Lin, “Integrating the First HVDC-Based Offshore Wind Power into PJM System - A Real Project Case Study”, IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp. 1-8, 2015.
  • 5. D. Elliott, K. R. W. Bell, S. J. Finney, R. Adapa, C. Bronzio, J. Yu, K. Hussain, “A Comparison of AC and HVDC Options for the Connection of Offshore Wind Generation in Great Britain”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 798-809, 2016.
  • 6. X. Rong, D. E. Macpherson,J. K. H. Shek, “The Effect of High Power DC-DC Converter in Offshore Multi-Terminal Medium and High Voltage DC Networks”, International Conference on Renewable Power Generation (RPG 2015), 2015.
  • 7. G. Asplund, K. Eriksson, H. Jiang, J. Lindberg, R. Pålsson, K. Svensson, “DC Transmission Based on Voltage Source Converters,” ABB Power Syst AB, pp.1-10, 1997.
  • 8. G. Asplund, “Sustainable energy systems with HVDC transmission,” pp. 1-5, 1999.
  • 9. D. Stanley, “The Directlink VSC-Based HVDC Project and its Commissioning”, Cigre, vol. 14, no.108, pp. 9-18, 2002.
  • 10. H. Light, “The world ‘ s most remote offshore wind farm BorWin1 HVDC Light ® offshore wind farm link”, 2011.
  • 11. Z. Chen, Y. Hu, F. Blaabjerg, “Stability improvement of induction generator-based wind turbine systems,”IET Renew Power Gener, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 81-93, 2007.
  • 12. S. Lauria, M. Schembari, F. Palone, M. Maccioni, “Very long distance connection of gigawatt- size offshore wind farms : extra high-voltage AC versus high-voltage DC cost comparison”, IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 1, pp. 713-720, 2015.
  • 13. Y. Keche, V. K. Chandrakar, “Integrated operation of Grid and HVDC connected Offshore Wind Farm”, International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy Information and Communication (ICCPEIC), pp. 666-674, 2016.
  • 14. R. Safaeian, S. Ebrahimi, M. Parniani, “Performance Improvement of Steady-State and Transient Operation of Offshore Wind Farm HVDC Power Transmission”, IEEE 16th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL), 2015.
  • 15. S. Muller, M. Diecke, W. Rik, “Doubly fed induction Generator systems for wind turbine,” IEEE Industry Application, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 26-33, 2002.
  • 16. J. B. Ekanayake, L. Holdsworth, N. Jenkins, “Comparison of 5th order and 3rd order machine models for doubly fed induction generator wind turbines,” Electr Power Syst Res, vol. 67, pp. 207-215, 2003.
  • 17. S. Bozhko, G. Asher, R. Li, J. Clare, S. Member, L. Yao, “Large Offshore DFIG-Based Wind Farm With Line-Commutated HVDC Connection to the Main Grid : Engineering Studies”, IEEE Trans Energy Convers, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 119-127, 2008.
  • 18. P. Bresesti, W. L. Kling, R. L. Hendriks, R. Vailati, “HVDC Connection of Offshore Wind Farms to the Transmission System”, IEEE Trans Energy Convers, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 37-43, 2007.
  • 19. R. Iravani, A. Yazdani, “Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems:Modeling, Control, and Applications”, New York, NY: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2010.
  • 20. N. Flourentzou, S. Member, V. G. Agelidis, S. Member, G. D. Demetriades, “VSC-Based HVDC Power Transmission Systems : An Overview”, IEEE Transtactions Power Electron, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 592-602, 2009. [21] A. Irina Stan, D. Ioan Stroe “Control of VSC-Based HVDC Transmission System for Offshore Wind,” Master Thesis, Aalborg university Denmark, 2010.
  • 22. F. Deng, Z. Chen, “An Offshore Wind Farm with DC Grid Connection and Its Performance under Power System Transients”, IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011.
  • 23. M. Zhao. Z. Chen. F. Blaabjerg, “Optimisation of electrical system for offshore wind farms via genetic algorithm,” IET Renew. Power Gener, vol. 3, no.2, pp. 205-216, 2009.
  • 24. J. Bhukya, V. Mahajan, “The controlling of the DFIG based on variable speed wind turbine modeling and simulation”, IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), 2016.
  • 25. Y. Li, Z. Xu, J. Ostergaard, D. J. Hill, “Coordinated Control Strategies for Offshore Wind Farm Integration via VSC - HVDC for System Frequency Support”, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 843-856, 2017.
  • 26. S. Dinesh, R. Meenakshi, M. S. Suhanya, M. S. Kumaran, R. Muthu, “Modeling and Direct Power Control of DFIG for Wind Energy Conversion System with a Back to Back Converter”, International Conference on Green Computing Communication and Electrical Engineering (ICGCCEE), 2014.
  • 27. L. Xu, S. Member, L. Yao, and C. Sasse, “Grid Integration of Large DFIG-Based Wind Farms Using VSC Transmission,” IEEE Trans Power Syst, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 976-984, 2007.
  • 28. M. M. Z. Moustafa, O. Nzimako, A. Dekhordi, “Modelling of Wind Energy Sources in Real Time Platform”, 28th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), 2016.
  • 29 T. M. Haileselassie, “Control of Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC Systems”, Master Thesis, Norwegian Univ of Tech., 2008.
  • 30. K. Karthi, R. Radhakrishnan, J. M. Baskaran, L. S. Titus, “Performance Analysis on Various Controllers of VSC - HVDC Transmission Systems”, IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research, 2016.
  • 31. C. Zhao, C. Guo, “Complete-Independent Control Strategy of Active and Reactive Power for VSC Based HVDC System”, IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2009.
  • 32. Ch.Yaswanth, A.Vijayasri “VSC Based HVDC Sytem Design and Protection against Over Voltages”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 46-57, 2014.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Mete Vural

Auwalu İbrahim İsmail This is me

Publication Date August 3, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 18 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Vural, A. M., & İsmail, A. İ. (2018). Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm connected to Main Grid with High Voltage Direct Current Transmission. Electrica, 18(2), 198-209.
AMA Vural AM, İsmail Aİ. Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm connected to Main Grid with High Voltage Direct Current Transmission. Electrica. August 2018;18(2):198-209.
Chicago Vural, Ahmet Mete, and Auwalu İbrahim İsmail. “Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm Connected to Main Grid With High Voltage Direct Current Transmission”. Electrica 18, no. 2 (August 2018): 198-209.
EndNote Vural AM, İsmail Aİ (August 1, 2018) Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm connected to Main Grid with High Voltage Direct Current Transmission. Electrica 18 2 198–209.
IEEE A. M. Vural and A. İ. İsmail, “Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm connected to Main Grid with High Voltage Direct Current Transmission”, Electrica, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 198–209, 2018.
ISNAD Vural, Ahmet Mete - İsmail, Auwalu İbrahim. “Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm Connected to Main Grid With High Voltage Direct Current Transmission”. Electrica 18/2 (August 2018), 198-209.
JAMA Vural AM, İsmail Aİ. Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm connected to Main Grid with High Voltage Direct Current Transmission. Electrica. 2018;18:198–209.
MLA Vural, Ahmet Mete and Auwalu İbrahim İsmail. “Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm Connected to Main Grid With High Voltage Direct Current Transmission”. Electrica, vol. 18, no. 2, 2018, pp. 198-09.
Vancouver Vural AM, İsmail Aİ. Modeling and Control of an Offshore Wind Farm connected to Main Grid with High Voltage Direct Current Transmission. Electrica. 2018;18(2):198-209.