YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Mehmet Hanifi Ateş; Canan Dağıdır Çakan; Sabri Kurtoğlu

doi:10.46737/emid.1484274

TR EN

YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Abstract

Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından belirlenen Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri'nde (SKH) küresel ısınmayla mücadele etmek ve küresel sıcaklık artışlarını 1.5 °C ile sınırlamak için yenilenebilir enerjinin ve finansal gelişmenin kritik bir bileşenler olduğu ve SKH'leri gerçekleştirmede yardımcı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Avrupa ülkelerinde önemli bir konu haline gelmesi, araştırmacıları sürdürülebilir kalkınma göstergeleri arasındaki geniş etkileşimleri incelemeye yönlendirmiştir. Bu amaçla finansal gelişme, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyümenin, çevrenin korunmasına nasıl katkıda bulunduğunu belirlemek için en çok karbon emisyonu değerlerine sahip on Avrupa ülkesi incelenmektedir. Çalışmada 2000 ile 2021 yılları arasındaki dönemde finansal gelişme, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyümenin karbon emisyonları üzerindeki etkisi, Westerlund (2007) eşbütünleşme testi ve CCE-AMG tahmincileri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar tüm değişkenlerin uzun dönemde eşbütünleşik olduğunu ve yenilenebilir enerjinin çevresel bozulma üzerinde negatif, finansal gelişmenin ise pozitif bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Dumitrescu ve Hurlin (D-H) nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre ise finansal gelişme ve ekonomik büyümeden CO2 emisyonlarına doğru tek yönlü nedensellik bulunurken, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimini ile CO2 emisyonları arasında çift yönlü nedenselliğin mevcut olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular, yenilebilir enerji kullanımının ve finansal gelişmenin Avrupa ülkeleri için çevre politikası açısından önemli kazanımlar sağlayacağını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Karbon Emisyonu, Yenilenebilir Enerji, Finansal Gelişme, Panel Veri Analizi

THE IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON CARBON EMISSIONS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WITH HIGH CARBON EMISSIONS

Abstract

In the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations, renewable energy and financial development are considered to be critical components to combat global warming and limit global temperature increases to 1.5 °C and will help in achieving the SDGs. The fact that Sustainable Development has become an important issue in European countries has led researchers to examine the broad interactions between sustainable development indicators. For this purpose, the ten European countries with the highest carbon emissions are examined to determine how financial development, renewable energy consumption and economic growth contribute to environmental protection. In the study, the impact of financial development, renewable energy consumption and economic growth on carbon emissions in the period between 2000 and 2021 was analyzed using Westerlund (2007) cointegration test and CCE-AMG estimators. The results show that all variables are cointegrated in the long run and that renewable energy has a negative effect on environmental degradation and financial development has a positive effect. According to the results of Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) causality test, while there was a unidirectional causality from financial development and economic growth to CO2 emissions, it was observed that there was a bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The findings show that it may have important consequences for European countries in terms of environmental policy.

Keywords

Carbon Emissions, Renewable Energy, Financial Development, Panel Data Analysis

Ethical Statement

Yukarıda bilgileri yer alan çalışmanın, etik kurul izni gerektirmeyen çalışmalar arasında yer aldığını beyan ederiz.

Thanks

Değerli geri bildirimleri ve yapıcı yorumları bu makalenin geliştirilmesine önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunacak isimsiz hakemlere içten teşekkürlerimizi sunarız. Kapsamlı ve anlayışlı incelemeleri, bu makalenin son halini şekillendirmede önemli bir rol oynayacaktır. Ayrıca editör ekibine değerlendirme süreci boyunca rehberlik ve destekleri için minnettarız.

References

Acheampong, A. O. (2019). "Modelling for insight: does financial development improve environmental quality?". Energy Economics, 83, 156-179.
Acheampong, A. O., Amponsah, M., & Boateng, E. (2020). "Does financial development mitigate carbon emissions? Evidence from heterogeneous financial economies". Energy Economics, 88, 104768.
Acheampong, A. O., Dzator, J., Dzator, M., & Salim, R. (2022). "Unveiling the effect of transport infrastructure and technological innovation on economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions". Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 182, 24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121843 Adebayo, T. S., Ghosh, S., Nathaniel, S., & Wada, I. (2023). "Technological innovations, renewable energy, globalization, financial development, and carbon emissions: role of inward remittances for top ten remittances receiving countries". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(26), 69330-69348. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-023-27184-x
Adebayo, T. S., Ullah, S., Kartal, M. T., Ali, K., Pata, U. K., & Ağa, M. (2023). "Endorsing sustainable development in BRICS: The role of technological innovation, renewable energy consumption, and natural resources in limiting carbon emission". Science of the Total Environment, 859, 160181.
Akan, T. (2023). "Investigating renewable energy-climate change nexus by aggregate or sectoral renewable energy use?". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 2042-2060. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22201-x
Al-Mulali, U., Ozturk, I., & Lean, H. H. (2015). "The influence of economic growth, urbanization, trade openness, financial development, and renewable energy on pollution in Europe". Natural Hazards, 79(1), 621-644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1865-9
Al-Mulali, U., Raboshuk, A., Ibrahim, R. L., & Saboori, B. (2024). "Evaluating the asymmetric effect of patents driven environmental technologies on environmental degradation in the E7 countries: An extended model of STIRPAT". Natural Resources Forum, 22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12439 Anwar, A., Sharif, A., Fatima, S., Ahmad, P., Sinha, A., Khan, S. A. R., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2021). "The asymmetric effect of public private partnership investment on transport CO2 emission in China: Evidence from quantile ARDL approach". Journal of Cleaner Production, 288, 125282. Anwar, A., Siddique, M., Dogan, E., & Sharif, A. (2021). "The moderating role of renewable and non-renewable energy in environment-income nexus for ASEAN countries: Evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression". Renewable Energy, 164, 956-967.
Anwar, A., Sinha, A., Sharif, A., Siddique, M., Irshad, S., Anwar, W., & Malik, S. (2022). "The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy consumption, financial development, and CO 2 emissions: Evidence from selected Asian countries". Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-21.
Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q., & Kao, C. (2012). "A Lagrange Multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model". Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177.
Bayar, Y., Diaconu, L., & Maxim, A. (2020). "Financial development and CO2 emissions in post-transition European Union countries". Sustainability, 12(7), 2640.

Bosah, C. P., Li, S., Ampofo, G. K. M., & Sangare, I. (2023). "A continental and global assessment of the role of energy consumption, total natural resource rent, and economic growth as determinants of carbon emissions". Science of the Total Environment, 892, 164592.
Bouckaert, S., Pales, A. F., McGlade, C., Remme, U., Wanner, B., Varro, L., D'Ambrosio, D., & Spencer, T. (2021). "Net zero by 2050: A roadmap for the global energy sector".
BP. (2023). BP Energy Economics 2023.
Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). "The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics". The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
Bulut, U. (2017). "The impacts of non-renewable and renewable energy on CO2 emissions in Turkey". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 15416-15426.
Chen, W., & Lei, Y. (2018). "The impacts of renewable energy and technological innovation on environment-energy-growth nexus: New evidence from a panel quantile regression". Renewable Energy, 123, 1-14.
Chen, Y., & Lee, C.-C. (2020). "Does technological innovation reduce CO2 emissions? Cross-country evidence". Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121550.
Chen, Z., Huang, W., & Zheng, X. (2019). "The decline in energy intensity: does financial development matter?". Energy Policy, 134, 110945.
Deger, M. K., & Pata, U. K. (2017). "The Symmetric and Asymmetric Causality Analysis between Foreign Trade and Carbon Emissions in Turkey". Doguş University Journal, 18(1), 31-44.
Dumitrescu, E.-I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). "Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels". Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). "Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement". National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper: 3914
Eberhardt, M., & Teal, F. (2010). "Productivity analysis in global manufacturing production". Ehigiamusoe, K. U., & Lean, H. H. (2019). "Effects of energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development on carbon emissions: evidence from heterogeneous income groups". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(22), 22611-22624.
Eluwole, K. K., Saint Akadiri, S., Alola, A. A., & Etokakpan, M. U. (2020). "Does the interaction between growth determinants a drive for global environmental sustainability? Evidence from world top 10 pollutant emissions countries". Science of the Total Environment, 705, 135972.
EPA. (2022). Overview of Greenhouse Gases. US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases
Ergün, S., & Polat, M. A. (2022). Finansal Gelişme Süreci ve Çevresel Kalite Üzerine Etkilerinin Ampirik Kanıtları. In A. Şit & C. Telek (Eds.), Ekonomi ve Finans Alanında Ampirik Çalışmalar (Vol. 1, pp. 2-30). Gazi Kitabevi.
Eryer, A., & Konuk, T. (2022). İktisadi Büyüme, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Karbon Emisyonu İlişkisi: N11 Ülkelerine Yönelik Ekonometrik Tahmin. In H. Çelik & H. Yılmaz (Eds.), İktisat ve Finans Yazınında Güncel Eğilimler (Vol. 1. Baskı, pp. 231-245). Gazi Kitabevi.
EUR. (2022). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions: REPowerEU Plan. T. E. Council. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2022%3A230%3AFIN
Farhani, S., & Shahbaz, M. (2014). "What role of renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and output is needed to initially mitigate CO2 emissions in MENA region?". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 80-90.
Ganda, F. (2019). "The impact of innovation and technology investments on carbon emissions in selected organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries". Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 469-483.
Gyamfi, B. A., Agozie, D. Q., & Bekun, F. V. (2022). "Can technological innovation, foreign direct investment and natural resources ease some burden for the BRICS economies within current industrial era?". Technology in Society, 70, 102037.
Habiba, U., Xinbang, C., & Ahmad, R. I. (2021). "The influence of stock market and financial institution development on carbon emissions with the importance of renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investment in G20 countries". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 67677-67688.
Habiba, U., Xinbang, C., & Anwar, A. (2022). "Do green technology innovations, financial development, and renewable energy use help to curb carbon emissions?". Renewable Energy, 193, 1082-1093.
Hanif, I., Raza, S. M. F., Gago-de-Santos, P., & Abbas, Q. (2019). "Fossil fuels, foreign direct investment, and economic growth have triggered CO2 emissions in emerging Asian economies: some empirical evidence". Energy, 171, 493-501.
Hashmi, R., & Alam, K. (2019). "Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation, innovation, CO2 emissions, population, and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel investigation". Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1100-1109.
Hasni, R., Dridi, D., & Ben Jebli, M. (2023). "Do financial development, financial stability and renewable energy disturb carbon emissions? Evidence from asia–pacific economic cooperation economics". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(35), 83198-83213. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-023-28418-8
Hayat, F., Pirzada, M. D. S., & Khan, A. A. (2018). "The validation of Granger causality through formulation and use of finance-growth-energy indexes". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1859-1867.
Huntington, H., & Liddle, B. (2022). "How energy prices shape OECD economic growth: Panel evidence from multiple decades". Energy Economics, 111, 17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106082
IEA. (2017). "Renewables 2017: Analysis and Forecasts to 2022". https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/952fe0c1-8d57-4dcc-adbd-85c854674478/MRSrenew2017.pdf
IEA. (2020). International Energy Agency (IEA) Renewables 2020: Analysis and forecast to 2025. https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2020
IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014. Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymarkers. C. U. Press.
IPCC. (2018). Special Report Global Warming of 1.5 ºC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/
IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. C. U. Press.
Jin, T., & Kim, J. (2018). "What is better for mitigating carbon emissions–Renewable energy or nuclear energy? A panel data analysis". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 464-471.
Kapetanios, G., Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2011). "Panels with non-stationary multifactor error structures". Journal of Econometrics, 160(2), 326-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2010.10.001
Kartal, M. T., Pata, U. K., & Alola, A. A. (2024). "Renewable electricity generation and carbon emissions in leading European countries: Daily-based disaggregate evidence by nonlinear approaches". Energy Strategy Reviews, 51, 20, Article 101300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101300
Khan, Z., Ali, S., Umar, M., Kirikkaleli, D., & Jiao, Z. L. (2020). "Consumption-based carbon emissions and International trade in G7 countries: The role of Environmental innovation and Renewable energy". Science of the Total Environment, 730, 10, Article 138945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138945
Kirikkaleli, D., & Adebayo, T. S. (2021). "Do renewable energy consumption and financial development matter for environmental sustainability? New global evidence". Sustainable Development, 29(4), 583-594. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2159
Kirikkaleli, D., Güngör, H., & Adebayo, T. S. (2022). "Consumption‐based carbon emissions, renewable energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in Chile". Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(3), 1123-1137.
Kukharets, V., Hutsol, T., Kukharets, S., Glowacki, S., Nurek, T., & Sorokin, D. (2023). "European Green Deal: The Impact of the Level of Renewable Energy Source and Gross Domestic Product per Capita on Energy Import Dependency". Sustainability, 15(15), 11817.
Kuznets, S. (1955). "Economic Growth and Income Inequality". The American Economic Reviews, 17, 57-84. Le, T.-H., Le, H.-C., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2020). "Does financial inclusion impact CO2 emissions? Evidence from Asia". Finance Research Letters, 34, 101451.
Majeed, M. T., & Mazhar, M. (2019). "Financial development and ecological footprint: a global panel data analysis". Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 13(2), 487-514. Maji, I. K., Habibullah, M. S., & Saari, M. Y. (2017). "Financial development and sectoral CO2 emissions in Malaysia". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 7160-7176.
Nan, S. J., Huang, J. N., Wu, J. L., & Li, C. P. (2022). "Does globalization change the renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions nexus for OECD countries? New evidence based on the nonlinear PSTR model". Energy Strategy Reviews, 44, 14, Article 100995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100995 Omri, A., Daly, S., Rault, C., & Chaibi, A. (2015). "Financial development, environmental quality, trade and economic growth: What causes what in MENA countries". Energy Economics, 48, 242-252.
Paramati, S. R., Mo, D., & Huang, R. (2021). "The role of financial deepening and green technology on carbon emissions: Evidence from major OECD economies". Finance Research Letters, 41, 101794.
Park, Y., Meng, F. C., & Baloch, M. A. (2018). "The effect of ICT, financial development, growth, and trade openness on CO2 emissions: an empirical analysis". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(30), 30708-30719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3108-6
Pata, U. K. (2018). "Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks". Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779. Pejovic, B., Karadzic, V., Dragasevic, Z., & Backovic, T. (2021). "Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the countries of the European Union and the Western Balkans". Energy Reports, 7, 2775-2783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.05.011
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). "General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers". Economics, 1240(1), 1.
Pesaran, M. H. (2006). "Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure". Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x
Pesaran, M. H. (2007a). "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence". Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
Pesaran, M. H. (2007b). "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence". Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
Pesaran, M. H. (2021). "General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels". Empirical economics, 60(1), 13-50.
Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (1995). "Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels". Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 79-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01644-f
Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). "A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence". The econometrics journal, 11(1), 105-127.
Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). "Testing slope homogeneity in large panels". Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
Radmehr, R., Henneberry, S. R., & Shayanmehr, S. (2021). "Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth Nexus: A Simultaneity Spatial Modeling Analysis of EU Countries". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57, 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.01.006
Raihan, A., & Tuspekova, A. (2022). "The nexus between economic growth, energy use, urbanization, tourism, and carbon dioxide emissions: New insights from Singapore". Sustainability Analytics and Modeling, 2, 100009.
Shahbaz, M., Haouas, I., Sohag, K., & Ozturk, I. (2020). "The financial development-environmental degradation nexus in the United Arab Emirates: the importance of growth, globalization and structural breaks". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 10685-10699.
Shahbaz, M., Nasir, M. A., & Roubaud, D. (2018). "Environmental degradation in France: the effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations". Energy Economics, 74, 843-857.
Shahbaz, M., Shahzad, S. J. H., Ahmad, N., & Alam, S. (2016). "Financial development and environmental quality: the way forward". Energy Policy, 98, 353-364.
Shan, S., Genç, S. Y., Kamran, H. W., & Dinca, G. (2021). "Role of green technology innovation and renewable energy in carbon neutrality: A sustainable investigation from Turkey". Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 113004.
Sharma, G. D., Tiwari, A. K., Erkut, B., & Mundi, H. S. (2021). "Exploring the nexus between non-renewable and renewable energy consumptions and economic development: Evidence from panel estimations". Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 146, 17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111152. Singh, K., & Kaur, J. (2022). "Do energy consumption and carbon emissions impact economic growth? New insights from India using ARDL approach". OPEC Energy Review, 46(1), 68-105.
UNFCC. (2016). Preparations for the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Usman, M., & Makhdum, M. S. A. (2021). "What abates ecological footprint in BRICS-T region? Exploring the influence of renewable energy, non-renewable energy, agriculture, forest area and financial development". Renewable Energy, 179, 12-28.
Wang, Q., Wang, L., & Li, R. (2023). "Trade protectionism jeopardizes carbon neutrality–decoupling and breakpoints roles of trade openness". Sustainable Production and Consumption, 35, 201-215.
WDI. (2023). World Development Indicators (https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/ Westerlund, J. (2007). "Testing for error correction in panel data" [Article]. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709-748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x
Xu, X., Dai, W., Muhammad, T., & Zhang, T. (2023). "The Dynamic Relationship between Carbon Emissions, Financial Development, and Renewable Energy: A Study of the N-5 Asian Countries". Sustainability, 15(18), 13888. Zhang, B., Zhang, T., Yu, S., Wang, H., Wang, X., Chang, Y., Mou, H., Zhang, P., Wang, L., & Jiang, Y. (2017). "Carbon-wrapped four-component Na–Ni–Ti–Co oxides via sol–gel process for NIB anode material with superior cycling stability". Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 47, 855-864.
Zhang, C. Z., & Zhang, L. Q. (2024). "The relationship between toxic air pollution, health expenditure, and economic growth in the European Union: fresh evidence from the PMG-ARDL model". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32342-w
Zhang, Y. Y., Li, Y., & Wei, Y. G. (2023). "Understanding the relation between the socio-economic development and CO2 emission of 76 contracting countries in The Paris Agreement". Environment Development and Sustainability, 25(12), 14131-14153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02653-4
Zhen, Z., Ullah, S., Shaowen, Z., & Irfan, M. (2023). "How do renewable energy consumption, financial development, and technical efficiency change cause ecological sustainability in European Union countries?". Energy & Environment, 34(7), 2478-2496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305x221109949

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Ecological Economics, Macroeconomics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mehmet Hanifi Ateş ^*
0000-0002-1916-3403
Türkiye

Canan Dağıdır Çakan
0000-0001-7230-6373
Türkiye

Sabri Kurtoğlu
0000-0003-1446-4191
Switzerland

Early Pub Date

January 4, 2025

Publication Date

December 30, 2024

Submission Date

May 15, 2024

Acceptance Date

August 19, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2024 Volume: 7 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1484274

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA54LP36DP

APA

Ateş, M. H., Dağıdır Çakan, C., & Kurtoğlu, S. (2024). YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 7(2), 87-109. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1484274

AMA

1.Ateş MH, Dağıdır Çakan C, Kurtoğlu S. YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 2024;7(2):87-109. doi:10.46737/emid.1484274

Chicago

Ateş, Mehmet Hanifi, Canan Dağıdır Çakan, and Sabri Kurtoğlu. 2024. “YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 7 (2): 87-109. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1484274.

EndNote

Ateş MH, Dağıdır Çakan C, Kurtoğlu S (December 1, 2024) YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 7 2 87–109.

IEEE

[1]M. H. Ateş, C. Dağıdır Çakan, and S. Kurtoğlu, “YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ”, Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 87–109, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.46737/emid.1484274.

ISNAD

Ateş, Mehmet Hanifi - Dağıdır Çakan, Canan - Kurtoğlu, Sabri. “YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi 7/2 (December 1, 2024): 87-109. https://doi.org/10.46737/emid.1484274.

JAMA

1.Ateş MH, Dağıdır Çakan C, Kurtoğlu S. YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 2024;7:87–109.

MLA

Ateş, Mehmet Hanifi, et al. “YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ”. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, Dec. 2024, pp. 87-109, doi:10.46737/emid.1484274.

Vancouver

1.Mehmet Hanifi Ateş, Canan Dağıdır Çakan, Sabri Kurtoğlu. YÜKSEK KARBON EMİSYONUNA SAHİP AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN KARBON EMİSYONLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi. 2024 Dec. 1;7(2):87-109. doi:10.46737/emid.1484274

Cited By

Yeni Sanayileşen (NIC) Ülkelerde Ekonomik Büyümenin Belirleyicileri: Enerji, Beşerî Sermaye ve Teknoloji

Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis

https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1761578