Durability Performance of Concrete with Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure

Auwal Abdullahi Umar; Muhammad Abdulmalik Affa; Salisu Adamu Salihu; Muhammad Nazifi Yahaya

doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753397

Durability Performance of Concrete with Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure

Abstract

Concrete structures in offshore oil and gas infrastructure are increasingly exposed to aggressive environments containing chlorides, sulfates, and acidic media, resulting in significant durability challenges. This study investigates the mechanical and durability performance of concrete incorporating ternary blends of Glass Powder (GP), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), and Metakaolin (MK) as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Six concrete mixtures with 0–30% total SCM replacement were evaluated for compressive strength and durability properties, including water absorption, acid and sulfate resistance, rapid chloride penetration (RCPT), and sorptivity, at curing ages of 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. The mixture containing a 20% ternary replacement (6.6% each of GP, RHA, and MK) exhibited optimal performance, achieving a compressive strength of 38.2 MPa at 90 days while significantly reducing permeability and degradation under aggressive exposure conditions. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed not only to model performance responses but also to identify an optimized durability-oriented binder composition, with regression models showing strong predictive accuracy (R² ≥ 0.93) and a high desirability index of 0.945.Unlike existing studies that predominantly focus on binary SCM systems or isolated durability indicators, this research presents a comprehensive experimental and statistical evaluation of a ternary GP-RHA-MK concrete system under multiple aggressive offshore exposure conditions. The combined application of systematic durability testing and multi-objective RSM optimization establishes a novel durability-driven framework for proportioning ternary SCM concretes tailored to offshore oil and gas infrastructure. The findings demonstrate that such optimized ternary systems can simultaneously enhance performance, durability, and sustainability while promoting the effective reuse of agro-industrial and glass waste.

Keywords

References

1. Ramezanianpour, A. A., Pourkhorshidi, A. R., Sobhani, J., & Moodi, F. (2021). Durability of concrete containing blended cements in harsh marine environments: 18 years exposure study. Construction and Building Materials, 299, 123863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123863
2. Chen, J., Jia, J., & Zhu, M. (2025). Role of supplementary cementitious materials on chloride binding behaviors and corrosion resistance in marine environment. Construction and Building Materials, 458, 139724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139724
3. Miah, M. J., Huaping, R., Paul, S. C., Babafemi, A. J., & Li, Y. (2023). Long-term strength and durability performance of eco-friendly concrete with supplementary cementitious materials. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8(10), 255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01225-3
4. Almasailam, F., Purnell, P., & Black, L. (2025). Factors affecting the carbon footprint of reinforced concrete structures. Materials and Structures, 58(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02641-w
5. Jessa, E., & Ajidahun, A. (2024). Sustainable practices in cement and concrete production: Reducing CO2 emissions and enhancing carbon sequestration. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 22(2), 2301-2310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-025-02213-5
6. Tang, B., Wu, H., & Wu, Y. F. (2024). Evaluation of the carbon reduction benefits of adopting the compression cast technology in concrete components production based on LCA. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 208, 107733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107733
7. Dang, V. Q., Ogawa, Y., Bui, P. T., & Kawai, K. (2021). Effects of chloride ions on the durability and mechanical properties of sea sand concrete incorporating supplementary cementitious materials under an accelerated carbonation condition. Construction and Building Materials, 274, 122016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122016
8. Patil, A., & Dwivedi, A. K. (2022). Mechanical strength and durability performance of sea water concrete incorporating supplementary cementitious materials in different curing conditions. Materials Today: Proceedings, 65, 969-974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.600

9. Yeluri, M., Ertugral, E. G., Sharma, Y., Fodor, P. S., Kothapalli, C. R., & Allena, S. (2025). Revolutionizing ultra-high-performance concrete: Unleashing metakaolin and diatomaceous earth as sustainable fly ash alternatives. Construction and Building Materials, 460, 139822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139822
10. Swaminathen, A. N., Kumar, C. V., Ravi, S. R., & Debnath, S. (2021). Evaluation of strength and durability assessment for the impact of Rice Husk ash and Metakaolin at High Performance Concrete mixes. Materials Today: Proceedings, 47, 4584-4591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.449
11. Abellan-Garcia, J., Martinez, D. M., Khan, M. I., Abbas, Y. M., & Pellicer-Martinez, F. (2023). Environmentally friendly use of rice husk ash and recycled glass waste to produce ultra-high-performance concrete. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 25, 1869-1881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.041
12. Song, J., Peng, L., & Zhao, Y. (2025). Synergetic valorization of recycled aggregates and waste glass powder in sustainable concrete: Microstructure, mechanical strength, and bonding performance. Construction and Building Materials, 458, 139609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139609
13. Jia, B., Peng, L., & Zhao, Y. (2025). Recycling waste glass powder in lightweight aggregate concrete: Towards lightweight, sustainable and durable marine engineering structures. Construction and Building Materials, 472, 140690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140690
14. Moreira, O., Camões, A., Malheiro, R., & Ribeiro, M. (2025). High-Volume Glass Powder Concrete as an Alternative to High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete. Sustainability, 17(9), 4142. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094142
15. Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Bao, S., Yan, K., Duan, L., & Zeng, K. (2024). Mechanical strength and microstructure of ultra‐high‐performance cementitious composite with glass powder substituted cement/silica fume. Structural Concrete, 25(5), 3662-3681. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202300876
16. Baba, A. S., Umar, A. A., Abubakar, A., & Adagba, T. (2023). Application of Response Surface Methodology in Predicting and optimizing the properties of Concrete containing Ground Scoria and Metakaolin blended Cement in Concrete. Journal of Civil Engineering Frontiers (JoCEF), 4(2). https://doi.org/10.38094/jocef40269
17. Luo, Q. H., & Fang, S. E. (2025). Influence of ultrafine metakaolin and nano-TiO₂ on the durability and microstructure of seawater sea-sand concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 473, 140978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140978
18. Fahed, G., Bonnet, S., & Soive, A. (2024, June). Chloride ingress into low carbon concrete in non-saturated condition: state of the art for on-site studies in the case of atmospheric tidal or splash area. In 12th ACI/RILEM International Conference on Cementitious Materials and Alternative Binders for Sustainable Concrete. https://hal.science/hal-04750141v1
19. Wang, S., Wang, A., Fu, X., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Guo, Y., ... & Wang, M. (2024). Experimental Research on the Performance of Recycled Waste Concrete Powder (RWCP) on Concrete. Materials, 17(21), 5319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215319
20. Petrova, S., & Dimitrov, I. (2025). Systematic Parameter Tuning For Multi-Objective Optimization Problems Through Statistical Experimental Design. Frontiers in Emerging Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, 2(06), 14-26. https://irjernet.com/index.php/feaiml/article/view/80
21. Mantegazini, D. Z., Nascimento, A., Mathias, M. H., Romero Guzman, O. J., & Reich, M. (2025). Optimization of Rate of Penetration and Mechanical Specific Energy Using Response Surface Methodology and Multi-Objective Optimization. Applied Sciences, 15(3), 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031390
22. Saqib Khan, M., Ulhaq, A., AlSekait, D., Faisal Javed, M., Jameel, M., Alabduljabbar, H., & Salama, D. (2025). RSM-based optimization of recycled aggregate concrete with pozzolanic materials under high temperatures. Frontiers in Materials, 12, 1601597. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2025.1601597
23. Hossain, Z. (2019). Use of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a Supplementary Cementitious Material in Producing Normal Concrete. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 271, p. 07007). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927107007
24. ASTM. (2020). ASTM C150/C150M-20: Standard specification for Portland cement. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0150_C0150M-20
25. ASTM. (2022). ASTM C618-22: Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0618-22
26. Chen, W., Liu, D., & Liang, Y. (2024). Influence of Ultra Fine Glass Powder on the Properties and Microstructure of Mortars. Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2024.046335
27. Nassar, R. U. D., & Room, S. (2025). Strength, Durability, and Microstructural Characteristics of Binary Concrete Mixes Developed with Ultrafine Rice Husk Ash as Partial Substitution of Binder. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 13(1), 595-61. https://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=14739
28. Umar, A. A. (2026). Durability and Mechanical Performance of Ceramic Waste Powder and Activated Zeolite Blended Concrete under Sulfate and Chloride Attack. Indonesian Journal of Civil Engineering Study, 3(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.26623/ijces.v3i1.12367
29. STM. (2023). ASTM C33/C33M-23: Standard specification for concrete aggregates. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0033_C0033M-23
30. ASTM. (2023). ASTM C1602/C1602M-23: Standard specification for mixing water used in the production of hydraulic cement concrete. ASTM International
31. ASTM. (2022). ASTM C1012/C1012M-22: Standard test method for length change of hydraulic-cement mortars exposed to a sulfate solution. ASTM International.
32. ASTM International. (2021). Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the laboratory (ASTM C192/C192M-21). ASTM International.
33. Khan, M. I., Abbas, Y. M., & Fares, G. (2024). Quality Characteristics of Sustainable High-Performance Concrete Formulated from Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Supplementary Cementitious Materials Under Various Curing Conditions. Materials, 17(23), 5831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235831
34. ASTM. (2020). ASTM C143/C143M-20: Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0143_C0143M-20
35. ASTM International. (2022). Standard specification for mixing rooms, moist cabinets, moist rooms, and water storage tanks used in the testing of hydraulic cements and concretes (ASTM C511-22). ASTM International.
36. ASTM. (2021). ASTM C642-21: Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0642-21
37. ASTM. (2022). ASTM C1202-22: Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1202-22
38. Li, M., Li, P., Qi, G., Li, S., Chen, R., Lv, S., ... & Li, C. (2024). Enhancing mechanical properties and thermal shock resistance of steel fiber reinforced mullite castable through magnetic field treatment. Construction and Building Materials, 432, 136668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136668
39. ASTM International. (2019). Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration (ASTM C1202-19). ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1202-19
40. ASTM. (2020). ASTM C1585-20: Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic-cement concretes. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1585-20
41. ASTM. (2023). ASTM C39/C39M-23: Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0039_C0039M-23
42. Hu, L., He, Z., & Zhang, S. (2020). Sustainable use of rice husk ash in cement-based materials: Environmental evaluation and performance improvement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121744
43. Pillay, D. L., Olalusi, O. B., Kiliswa, M. W., Awoyera, P. O., Kolawole, J. T., & Babafemi, A. J. (2022). Engineering performance of metakaolin based concrete. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 6, 100383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100383
44. Raydan, R., Khatib, J., Jahami, A., El Hamoui, A. K., & Chamseddine, F. (2022). Prediction of the mechanical strength of concrete containing glass powder as partial cement replacement material. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 7(5), 311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00896-8
45. Almeshal, I., Al-Tayeb, M. M., Qaidi, S. M., Bakar, B. A., & Tayeh, B. A. (2022). Mechanical properties of eco-friendly cements-based glass powder in aggressive medium. Materials Today: Proceedings, 58, 1582-1587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.613
46. Umar, A. A. (2025). Sulfate Resistance of Green Concrete Incorporating Ceramic Waste Powder and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash. CONSTRUCTION, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.15282/construction.v5i2.12796
47. Singh, A., Kumar, R., Mehta, P. K., & Kumar, P. (2025). Durability and microstructural analysis of self-compacting concrete with ternary blends exposed to sulphate environment. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, 12(122), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19101/IJATEE.2024.111100212
48. Hammouche, R., Belebchouche, C., Hammoudi, A., Douadi, A., Hebbache, K., Boutlikht, M., ... & Khishe, M. (2025). Synergistic effects and optimization of cement kiln dust and glass powder incorporation in self compacting mortar using central composite design. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 14529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98612-w
49. Miah, M. J., Miah, M. S., Mughal, H., & Hasan, N. M. S. (2025). Mitigating Environmental Impact Through the Use of Rice Husk Ash in Sustainable Concrete: Experimental Study, Numerical Modelling, and Optimisation. Materials, 18(14), 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143298
50. Hansu, O., & Etli, S. (2025). Evaluation of the Usability of SCMs Produced by Adding Aluminum and Iron Oxide to Mortar Waste Powder Under Different Conditions. Buildings, 15(17), 3067. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173067
51. Yao, W., Bai, M., Pang, J., & Liu, T. (2022). Performance degradation and damage model of rice husk ash concrete under dry–wet cycles of sulfate environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(39), 59173-59189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19955-9
52. Al-Baghdadi, H. M., Shubbar, A. A. F., & Al-Khafaji, Z. S. (2021). The impact of rice husks ash on some mechanical features of reactive powder concrete with high sulfate content in fine aggregate. International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE), 12(4), 248-254. https://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irece.v12i4.19834
53. Abir, A. H., & Mozumder, A. (2025). Synergistic nanomodification of untreated recycled brick aggregate concrete with nanosilica and graphene oxide in OPC–LC3 binders: multi-performance optimization and life cycle assessment. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 72(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-025-00700-1
54. Anjomshoa, E. (2025). Physical, strength, durability and microstructural analysis of geopolymer concrete: a review. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-10-2024-0227
55. Ahmed, M. M., Sadoon, A., Bassuoni, M. T., & Ghazy, A. (2024). Utilizing Agricultural Residues from Hot and Cold Climates as Sustainable SCMs for Low-Carbon Concrete. Sustainability, 16(23), 10715. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310715
56. Abbasi, M., Hosseinpour, I., Salimi, M., Astaneh, A. G., & Payan, M. (2025). A comparative study on stabilization efficiency of kaolinite and montmorillonite clays with fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA)-based geopolymers. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 36, 2332-2347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.03.234
57. Das, B. B., Black, L., Barbhuiya, S., Snehal, K., & Sumukh, E. P. (2024). Resistance to acid, alkali, chloride, and carbonation in ternary blended high-volume mineral admixed concrete. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 13(11), 1685-1706. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2024.2405979
58. Ashok, K., Subhani, S. M., & Sundaram, B. (2025). Performance characteristics of ternary blended concrete incorporating fine recycled aggregate, sugarcane bagasse ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 10(2), 141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-025-00650-4
59. Kijjanon, A., Sumranwanich, T., & Tangtermsirikul, S. (2025). Influences of metakaolin and calcined clay blended cement on chloride resistance and electrical resistivity of concrete. Advances in Cement Research, 37(1), 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00162
60. Pelissaro, D. T., Bruschi, G. J., Korf, E. P., & Dalla Rosa, F. (2023). Rice husk ash as an alternative soluble silica source for alkali-activated metakaolin systems applied to recycled asphalt pavement stabilization. Transportation Geotechnics, 39, 100940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2023.100940
61. AL-Ameeri, A. S., Rafiq, M. I., & Tsioulou, O. (2021). Combined impact of carbonation and crack width on the chloride penetration and corrosion resistance of concrete structures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 115, 103819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103819
62. Aragoncillo, A. M., Cleary, D., Thayasivam, U., & Lomboy, G. (2023). Water sorptivity prediction model for concrete with all coarse recycled concrete aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 394, 132128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132128
63. Shaaban, I. G., Rizzuto, J. P., El-Nemr, A., Bohan, L., Ahmed, H., & Tindyebwa, H. (2021). Mechanical properties and air permeability of concrete containing waste tires extracts. Journal of materials in civil engineering, 33(2), 04020472. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003588
64. Thumrongvut, J., Seangatith, S., Phetchuay, C., & Suksiripattanapong, C. (2022). Comparative experimental study of sustainable reinforced Portland cement concrete and geopolymer concrete beams using rice husk ash. Sustainability, 14(16), 9856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169856
65. Auwal, A. U. (2025). Acid Resistance and Strength Performance of Bamboo Leaf Ash–Bone Ash Concrete under Simulated Acid Rain Conditions. Journal of Building Materials and Structures, 12(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v12i2.4316
66. Pitchumani, S. V., Sivakumar, M., Sampath, A., & Gopalan, V. (2025). Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of Coir fibre-reinforced PVC composites using RSM-based different algorithm techniques. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(6), 8403-8417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05542-0
67. Kumar, D. S., Sathish, T., Rangappa, S. M., Boonyasopon, P., & Siengchin, S. (2022). Mechanical property analysis of nanocarbon particles/glass fiber reinforced hybrid epoxy composites using RSM. Composites Communications, 32, 101147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2022.101147
68. Li, X., Ho, C. M., Li, H., Guo, H., Wang, D., Zhao, D., & Zhang, K. (2025). Valorization of Steel Slag and Fly Ash in Mortar: Modeling Age-Dependent Strength with Response Surface Methodology. Materials, 18(10), 2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102203
69. Umar, A. A. (2025). Sulfate Resistance of Green Concrete Incorporating Ceramic Waste Powder and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash. CONSTRUCTION, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.15282/construction.v5i2.12796
70. Benyarar, F. D., Yildizel, S. A., Misir, G., & Calis, G. (2023). The RSM-based optimization of recycled polypropylene fiber reinforced and ground calcium carbonate incorporated roller compacted concrete for pavement. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-023-00385-w
71. Han, Y., Yang, B., Meng, L. Y., Cho, H. K., Lin, R., & Wang, X. Y. (2025). Optimization of the life cycle environmental impact of shell powder and slag concrete using response surface methodology. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 194, 272-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.12.036
72. Zewide, Y. T., Yemata, T. A., Ayalew, A. A., Kedir, H. J., Tadesse, A. A., Fekad, A. Y., ... & Mihiret, M. T. (2025). Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for experimental optimization in biogenic silica extraction from rice husk and straw ash. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83724-6
73. Liu, H., Liu, Y., Duan, P., Bian, H., Wang, K., Lou, J., ... & Ge, Z. (2025). Design and optimization of binary geopolymers derived from red mud-coal gasification slag based on response surface methodology. Construction and Building Materials, 464, 140203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140203
74. Li, X., Ho, C. M., Doh, S. I., Al Biajawi, M. I., Ma, Q., Zhao, D., & Liu, R. (2025). Strength Characteristics and Prediction of Ternary Blended Cement Building Material Using RSM and ANN. Buildings, 15(5), 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050733
75. Umar, A. A., & Musa, U. A. (2025). Durability Performance of Corn Cob Ash–Coconut Shell Ash Concrete Exposed to Simulated Oil Refinery Wastewater. Journal of Civil Engineering Frontiers, 6(02), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.38094/jocef602118
76. Fuqaha, S. (2026). Seismic Shear Strength Prediction of RC Joints Using Shallow Neural Networks. Engineering Perspective, (1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1807130
77. Dereli, M. A., & Kural, B. Ç. Earthquake Risk Analysis in a Medium-Scale Settlement Area Using Empirical Attenuation Models: The Saraydüzü Example. Engineering Perspective, 6(1), 83-91 https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1834598

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Steel Structures , Civil Geotechnical Engineering, Civil Construction Engineering, Water Resources and Water Structures, Construction Materials, Structural Engineering

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Auwal Abdullahi Umar ^*
Nigeria

Muhammad Abdulmalik Affa This is me
Nigeria

Salisu Adamu Salihu This is me
Nigeria

Muhammad Nazifi Yahaya This is me
Nigeria

Publication Date

March 6, 2026

Submission Date

July 31, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 20, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 6 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753397

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA55RM24DZ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Umar, A. A., Affa, M. A., Salihu, S. A., & Yahaya, M. N. (2026). Durability Performance of Concrete with Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure. Engineering Perspective, 6(2), 170-184. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753397

AMA

1.Umar AA, Affa MA, Salihu SA, Yahaya MN. Durability Performance of Concrete with Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure. engineeringperspective. 2026;6(2):170-184. doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753397

Chicago

Umar, Auwal Abdullahi, Muhammad Abdulmalik Affa, Salisu Adamu Salihu, and Muhammad Nazifi Yahaya. 2026. “Durability Performance of Concrete With Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure”. Engineering Perspective 6 (2): 170-84. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753397.

EndNote

Umar AA, Affa MA, Salihu SA, Yahaya MN (March 1, 2026) Durability Performance of Concrete with Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure. Engineering Perspective 6 2 170–184.

IEEE

[1]A. A. Umar, M. A. Affa, S. A. Salihu, and M. N. Yahaya, “Durability Performance of Concrete with Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure”, engineeringperspective, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 170–184, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753397.

ISNAD

Umar, Auwal Abdullahi - Affa, Muhammad Abdulmalik - Salihu, Salisu Adamu - Yahaya, Muhammad Nazifi. “Durability Performance of Concrete With Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure”. Engineering Perspective 6/2 (March 1, 2026): 170-184. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753397.

JAMA

1.Umar AA, Affa MA, Salihu SA, Yahaya MN. Durability Performance of Concrete with Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure. engineeringperspective. 2026;6:170–184.

MLA

Umar, Auwal Abdullahi, et al. “Durability Performance of Concrete With Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure”. Engineering Perspective, vol. 6, no. 2, Mar. 2026, pp. 170-84, doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753397.

Vancouver

1.Auwal Abdullahi Umar, Muhammad Abdulmalik Affa, Salisu Adamu Salihu, Muhammad Nazifi Yahaya. Durability Performance of Concrete with Ternary Blends of Glass Powder, Rice Husk Ash, and Metakaolin for Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure. engineeringperspective. 2026 Mar. 1;6(2):170-84. doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753397