Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage)

Gigo Jandieri; Giorgi Gordeziani

doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753602

Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage)

Abstract

The article presents an improved approach to thermodynamic modelling and early, preventive prediction of spinodal decomposition processes with phase delamination of irregular three-component α - solid solutions into separate equilibrium, immiscible phases. Using the obtained model, it is possible to analytically predict the critical concentration-temperature conditions under which the noted phase segregation can be induced, contributing to the premature aging of metallic materials and reducing the operational reliability of machine parts made from them. Consequently, the proposed approach will allow in advance, even at the stage of development of the alloy, to eliminate the risk associated with its structural-phase decay during the operation of the product made from it. The results of calculations obtained on a widely used model alloy of the Fe-Cr-C system are presented. It has been established that the spinodal decomposition of the noted three-component stainless heat-resistant solid solution can lead to concentration stratification into the following three equilibrium phases, with the content of elements in molar parts: 1) Fe=0.14, Cr=0.29, C=0.57; 2) Fe=0.53, Cr=0.29, C=0.18; 3) Fe=0.14, Cr=0.68, C=0.18. Such phase segregation can be initiated in a solid solution with an initial content of these elements of 0.72, 0.25, and 0.03 mol, in the case of its rapid forced cooling to a critical temperature of 342 K for this system, since this leads to the maximization of free energy and transfers it in a thermodynamically non-equilibrium state. As a preventive measure to avoid the process of spinodal decomposition, seeking to zeroing the free energy of the system by its concentrative enriched or depleted delamination and, consequently, microstructural embrittlement, it is recommended to technologically exclude the probability of producing and operating an alloy with a predetermined non-equilibrium chemical composition and critical extent of forced cooling.

Keywords

References

1. Morinaga, M. (2019). 2 - Theory for Alloy Design. Editor(s): Masahiko Morinaga, In Materials Today. A Quantum Approach to Alloy Design. Elsevier, 2019, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814706-1.00002-9
2. Ni, B., Glaser, B. & Taheri-Mousavi, S.M. (2025). End-to-end pre-diction and design of additively manufacturable alloys using a genera-tive AlloyGPT model. npj Comput Mater 11, 294. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-025-01768-2
3. Han, S.Z., Choi, E.-A., Lim, S.H., Kim, S., Lee, J. (2021). Alloy design strategies to increase strength and its trade-offs together. Pro-gress in Materials Science, 117, 100720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100720
4. Guoxun, L. (2024). Spinodal Decomposition. In: Kuangdi, X. (eds) The ECPH Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy. Springer, Singa-pore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2086-0_932
5. Sankar, B., Vinay, C., Vishnu, J. et al. (2023). Focused Review on Cu–Ni–Sn Spinodal Alloys: From Casting to Additive Manufactur-ing. Met. Mater. Int. 29, 1203–1228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01305-6
6. Ustinovshikov, Y. (2019). The Ordering-Phase Separation Transition in Alloys. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
7. Gong, T., Cao, S., Hao, W. et al. (2025). Modelling Microsegrega-tion of Binary Alloy During Solidification. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 38, 1628–1636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-025-01884-4
8. Tayonl, W.A., Crooks, R.E., Domack, M.S.; Wagner, J.A., Beaudoin, A.J., McDonald, R.J. (2009). Mechanistic Study of Delamination Fracture in Al-Li Alloy 0458 (2099). 12th International Conference on Fracture Damage and Micro-Mechanics Symposium. The Westin Ottawa, Canada. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 20090026993, 1-10.

9. Liu, Ch., Davis, A., Fellowes, J., Prangnell, Ph.B., Raabe, D., Shanthraj, P. (2022). CALPHAD-informed phase-field model for two-sublattice phases based on chemical potentials: η-phase precipita-tion in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys. Acta Materialia, 226, 117602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117602
10. Kim, B., Sietsma, J., & Santofimia, M. J. (2019). Theoretical Aspects of Spinodal Decomposition in Fe-C. Metall Mater Trans A 50, 1175-1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-5094-1
11. Guskov, A. (2017). Spinodal decomposition of solutions during crystallization. Journal for the Basic Principles of Diffusion Theory, Experiment and Application: Special Issue - Diffusion Fundamentals VII - Evolution or Degradation? 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.62721/diffusion-fundamentals.30.990
12. Davidoff, E., Galenko, P.K., Herlach, D.M., Kolbe, M., Wanderka, N. (2013). Spinodally decomposed patterns in rapidly quenched Co–Cu melts. Acta Materialia, 61 (4), 1078-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.010
13. Macchi, J., Nakonechna, O., Henry, R., Castro, C., Edalati, K., Geuser, F., Sauvage, X. Lefebvre, W. (2024). Microstructural design by combining nanograins and spinodal decomposition in a Fe-Cr al-loy. Scripta Materialia, 252, 116247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116247
14. Lopez-Hirata, V.M., Avila-Davila, E.O., Saucedo-Muñoz, M.L., Villegas-Cardenas, J.D., Soriano-Vargas, O. (2017). Analysis of Spinodal Decomposition in Al-Zn and Al-Zn-Cu Alloys Using the Nonlinear Cahn-Hilliard Equation. Materials Research, 20(3), 639-645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0373
15. Vaajamo, I., Johto, H. and Taskinen, P. (2013). Solubility study of the copper-lead system. International Journal of Materials Research, 104 (4), 372-376. https://doi.org/10.3139/146.110876
16. Sanin, V.V., Filonov, M.R., Yukhvid, V.I. et al. (2020). Production of the 70% Cu–30% Fe Alloy by SHS Metallurgy and Electrometal-lurgy: Comparative Analysis of Microstructures. Russ. J. Non-ferrous Metals 61, 119–125. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1067821220010137
17. Moriyama, J., Yamaguchi, M., Takakuwa, O. (2024). Effects of an-tagonistic interaction between Cr and Ni on hydrogen solubility in a Fe-Cr-Ni ternary austenitic system: A first-principles calculation. Ma-terials Today Communications, 40, 110059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.110059
18. Sun, Zh., Hao, Sh., Duan, H., Zhu, Sh., Wang, D., Li, L., Du, K. (2025). Microstructure, strength and corrosion resistance in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy after artificial aging and subsequent long-term natu-ral aging. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1036, 181915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.181915
19. Kroupa, A., Zobač, O. & Richter, K.W. (2021). The thermodynamic reassessment of the binary Al–Cu system. Journal of Materials Sci-ence, 56, 3430–3443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05423-7
20. Ardell, A.J. The Equilibrium α (Al-Li Solid Solution) and Metasta-ble δ′ (Al3Li) Phase Boundaries in Aluminum–Lithium Alloys. (2023). Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 44, 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-023-01039-x
21. Fratzl, P., Weinkamer, R. (2004). Phase Separation in Binary Alloys - Modeling Approaches. In: Fischer, F.D. (eds) Moving Interfaces in Crystalline Solids. CISM International Centre for Mechanical Scienc-es, vol 453. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27404-9_2
22. Mandolesi, B., Iandiorio, C., Belardi, V.G., Vivio, F. (2025). Spi-nodal decomposition-inspired metamaterial: Tailored homogenized elastic properties via the dimensionless Cahn-Hilliard equation. Euro-pean Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, 112, 105615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2025.105615
23. Zeng, Q., Hui, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Yao, Z. (2023). Very high-cycle fatigue performance of high carbon-chromium bearing steels with different metallurgical qualities. International Journal of Fatigue, 172, 107632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107632
24. Luneville, L., Tissot, O., Pareige, C., Simeone; D. (2024). Modeling phase separation in solids beyond the classical nucleation theory: Ap-plication to FeCr. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 161 (14), 144708. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0226979
25. Fang, Y., Hack, K. & Lippmann, S. (2025). Reassessment of Al-Cu System Considering Metastable Extensions of Solid/Liquid Phase Equilibria. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 46, 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-025-01208-0
26. Jacob A., Sobotka E., Povoden-Karadeniz E. (2025). Thermodynamic modeling of multicomponent MX phases (M= Nb,Ti,V; X=C,N) in steel. Calphad, 88, 102795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2024.102795
27. Sterkhova, I. V., Kamaeva, L. V., Chtchelkatchev, N. M., & Lad`yаnov, V. I. (2022). Effect of carbon on the phase formation in Fe85-xCr15Cx (x = 10-17) melts at low cooling rates. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 894, 162507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162507
28. Harwarth, M., Brauer, A., Huang, Q., Pourabdoli, M., & Mola, J. (2021). Influence of Carbon on the Microstructure Evolution and Hardness of Fe-13Cr-xC (x = 0-0.7 wt.%) Stainless Steel. Materials. 14(17), 5063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175063
29. Hu, M., Tan, Q., Knibbe, R., Xu, M., Jiang, B., at. Al. (2023). Re-cent applications of machine learning in alloy design: A review. Mate-rials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 155, 100746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2023.100746
30. Jia, G., Li, Y., & Ding W. (2023). Alloy composition and process design based on thermodynamic and kinetic simulation: The case of medium Mn steel. Calphad, 82, 102601, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.calphad.2023.102601
31. Wen, S., Sun, Y., & Chen, X. (2025). Numerical Modelling on Me-tallic Materials. Metals, 15(4), 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040423
32. NouraniNiaki, K., Uddagiri, M., Isidorio, D., Shchyglo. O., & Stein-bach, I. (2025). Phase Field Simulation of Al-Fe-Mn-Si Quaternary Eutectic Solidification. Metals, 15(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15020135
33. Duman, M., Celik, F.A. (2024). Investigation of the Phase Mecha-nism Behaviors of Fe-Cr-Ni Alloy by Molecular Dynamics Simula-tion. Journal of Science, 37(3), 1540-1550. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1297719
34. Kalyanam, S., Beaudoin, A. J., Dodds, R. H., & Barlat, F. (2009). Delamination cracking in advanced aluminum–lithium alloys – Exper-imental and computational studies. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 76(14), 2174-2191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2009.06.010
35. Wang, J., Zhou, X., Thompson, G. E., Hunter, J. A., & Yuan, Y. (2015). Delamination of near-surface layer on cold rolled AlFeSi al-loy during sheet forming. Materials Characterization, 99, 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2014.11.011
36. Andreu, A., Kim, S., Kim, I., Kim, J-H., Noh, J., Lee, S., Lee, W., Su P-Ch., & Yoon Y-J. (2024). Processing Challenges and Delamina-tion Prevention Methods in Titanium-Steel DED 3D Printing. Inter-national Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 11, 1663-1679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-024-00598-9
37. Chao, J., Capdevila-Montes, C., & González-Carrasco J. L. (2009). On the delamination of FeCrAl ODS alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 515, 1-2, 190-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.03.017
38. Rudraraju, S., Van der Ven, A. & Garikipati, K. (2016). Mechano-chemical spinodal decomposition: a phenomenological theory of phase transformations in multi-component, crystalline solids. npj Comput Mater 2, 16012. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjcompumats.2016.12
39. Delafosse, D. (2012). 9 - Hydrogen effects on the plasticity of face centred cubic (fcc) crystals. Editor(s): Richard P. Gangloff, Brian P. Somerday. In Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering, Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement of Materials in Ener-gy Technologies, Woodhead Publishing, 1, 247-285. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095374.2.247
40. Balueva, A. V., Dashevskiy, I. N., & Magana, J. (2020). A New Model for Hydrogen-Induced Crack (HIC) Growth in Metal Alloy Pipelines Under Extreme Pressure. Procedia Structural Integrity, 28, 873-885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2020.11.056
41. Arnoult, X., Ružicková, M., Kunzová, K., & Materna, A. (2015). Short review: Potential impact of delamination cracks on fracture toughness of structural materials. Fracture and Structural Integrity, 10(35), 509-522. https://doi.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.35.57
42. Huang, T., Bobyr, M. (2023). A Review of Delamination Damage of Composite Materials. Journal of Composites Science, 7(11), 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7110468
43. Bai, K., Ng, Ch. K., Lin, M., Cheng, B., Zeng, Y., Wuu, D., Lee, J. J., Teo, S. L., Ng, S. R., Tan, D. Ch., Wang, P., Aitken, Z., & Zhang., Y-W. (2023). Unexpected spinodal decomposition in as-cast eutectic high entropy alloy Al30Co10Cr30Fe15Ni15. Materials & Design, 236, 112508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112508
44. Ding, X., Zhang, Sh., Chen, R., Ma, X., Hu, Sh., Zhang, Y., & Guo, J. (2023). Enhanced hydrogen storage properties of Ti40-xV45Zr15Crx alloys by dual-phase nanostructures of eutectic and spinodal decom-position. Journal of Energy Storage, 73, Part D, 109211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109211
45. Gordeziani, G., Kharati, R., Loladze, T., Kenchiashvili, N. and Kan-teladze, N. (2024). Two phase separation of irregular solid solution of Fe-Cr system. Science and technologies. 1(744), 41-45. http://doi.org/10.36073/0130-7061 (in Georgian)
46. Umantsev, A. (2023). Spinodal Decomposition in Binary Systems. In: Field Theoretic Method in Phase Transformations. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 1016, 95-100. Springer, Field Theoretic Method in Phase Transformations. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29605-5_6
47. Boytsova, O. V., Makarevich, O. N., Sharovarov, D. I., & Makare-vich, A. M. (2022). Spinodal Decomposition in the Chemistry and Technology of Inorganic Materials. Inorganic Materials, 58, 673–686. https://doi.org/10.1134/S002016852207007X
48. Suzuki, T., Yabe, T., Enoki, M., & Ohtani, H. (2025). Thermody-namic investigation of Guinier–Preston zone formation in the Al–Cu binary system. Scripta Materialia, 265, Article 116746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2025.116746
49. Martínez, E., Senninger, O., Fu, Ch-Ch., & Soisson F. (2012). De-composition kinetics of Fe-Cr solid solutions during thermal aging. Phys. Rev. B 86, 224109. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.224109
50. Li, Y., Yan, Z., & Zhou, X. (2017). Kinetics of initial phase separa-tion and coarsening of nanoscale phase in Fe-Cr alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 497, 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2017.07.063
51. Vojtech, V., Charilaou, M., Kovács, A., Firlus, A., Gerstl, S. S. A., Dunin-Borkowski, R. E., Löffler, J. F., & Schäublin, R. E. (2022). Macroscopic magnetic hardening due to nanoscale spinodal decom-position in Fe-Cr. Acta Materialia, 240, 118265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118265
52. Vojtech, V., Basu, I., Wheeler, J.M., Schäublin, R.E., Löffler, J.F. (2023). Towards high-strength, high-ductility ferritic steels: Pathways to overcome the “475 °C embrittlement” in spinodally decomposed Fe-40Cr alloy, Acta Materialia, 261: 119355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119355
53. Janelidze, I.S., Jandieri, G.V., Janelidze E. (2013). Increase of the Efficiency of Direct Doping of Steel by Modeling of the Process of Carbothermal Reduction of Oxide Systems Cr2O3-MnO-SiO. Bulle-tin of the Georgian national academy of sciences, vol. 7(2), 85-91.
54. Mason, P., Strachan, A., (2021). Thermo-Calc Educational Package. https://doi.org/10.21981/XZR8-9887
55. TCS Steel and Fe-alloys Database (TCFE) Validation and Calculation Examples Collection. (2025), 66 p.
56. Küchler, S., Vojtech, V., Gerstl, S.S.A., Schäublin, R. E., & Löffler, J. F., (2022). Thermally Decomposed Binary Fe-Cr Alloys: Toward a Quantitative Relationship Between Strength and Structure. Advanced Engineering Materials, 24, 2270010. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202270010
57. Xiong, W., Selleby, M., Chen, Q., Odqvist, J., & Du, Y. (2010). Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamic Properties in the Fe-Cr System. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 35(2), 125–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408431003788472
58. L’vov, P., Kochaev, A. & Tikhonchev, M. (2025). Multiscale Model-ing of the Phase Transformation and Grain Boundary Segregation in Fe-Cr Alloy at the Temperature of 600 K. JOM 77, 6828–6841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-025-07496-8
59. Dubiel, S.M., Żukrowski, J. (2019). Kinetics of phase separation, border of miscibility gap in Fe–Cr and limit of Cr solubility in iron at 832 K. Materials Characterization, 158, 109937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.109937
60. Filipovic, M., Romhanji, E., Kamberovic, Z. (2012). Chemical Com-position and Morphology of M7C3 Eutectic Carbide in High Chro-mium White Cast Iron Alloyed with Vanadium. ISIJ International, 52(12), 2200-2204. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.52.2200
61. Jokari-Sheshdeh, M., Ali, Y., Gallo, S.C. et al. (2023). Effect of Cr:Fe ratio on the mechanical properties of (Cr,Fe)7C3 ternary car-bides in abrasion-resistant white cast irons. Journal of Materials Sci-ence, 58, 7504–7521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08461-z
62. Jandieri, G. (2012). Electrothermal alloying of grey cast iron from iron-containing fine-dispersive technogenic waste. Proceedings of the IX International Congress “Machines, Technologies, Materials”, Varna, Bulgaria, 1, 5–8.
63. Sakhvadze, D., Jandieri, G., Saralidze, B., et al. (2024). A novel method of hydro-vacuum dispersion of metallurgical melts: research and implementation. Sediment Transport Research - Further Recent Advances. IntechOpen. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1004129
64. Jandieri, G.V., Sakhvadze, D.V., Saralidze, B.G. et al. (2024). Physi-cal and Technological Features of Mechanoactivation of Powder Par-ticles Formed during Hydro-Vacuum Dispersion of Metallic Melts. Physics of Metals and Metallography, 125, 478–491 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X23603190
65. Karangwa, E., & Turabimana, P. (2021). Study of Subsurface Dam-age of Tungsten Alloy in Rotary Ultrasonic Grinding. Engineering Perspective, 1(4), 99-109. https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.54728
66. Çevik, S. (2014). Vanadyum (021202) (9-18). Afyon Kocatepe Ün-iversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.8134
67. Al Nur, M., Khan, S. A. R., Hossaın, M. A., Kaiser, M. (2020). In-fluence of ternary aluminium and quaternary zirconium on the physi-cal properties of bell metal. The International Journal of Materials and Engineering Technology, 3(2), 75-89.
68. Hong, C.- chiang. (2024). Advanced Frequency of Thick FGM Spherical Shells with Fully Homogeneous Equation by Using TSDT and Nonlinear Varied Shear Coefficient. Engineering Perspective, 4(4), 130-140. https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.77784

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Computational Material Sciences, Metals and Alloy Materials

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Gigo Jandieri ^*
Georgia

Giorgi Gordeziani
Georgia

Early Pub Date

December 16, 2025

Publication Date

December 30, 2025

Submission Date

July 30, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 18, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 5 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753602

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA39FE67UF

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Jandieri, G., & Gordeziani, G. (2025). Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage). Engineering Perspective, 5(4), 183-193. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753602

AMA

1.Jandieri G, Gordeziani G. Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage). engineeringperspective. 2025;5(4):183-193. doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753602

Chicago

Jandieri, Gigo, and Giorgi Gordeziani. 2025. “Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage)”. Engineering Perspective 5 (4): 183-93. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753602.

EndNote

Jandieri G, Gordeziani G (December 1, 2025) Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage). Engineering Perspective 5 4 183–193.

IEEE

[1]G. Jandieri and G. Gordeziani, “Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage)”, engineeringperspective, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 183–193, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753602.

ISNAD

Jandieri, Gigo - Gordeziani, Giorgi. “Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage)”. Engineering Perspective 5/4 (December 1, 2025): 183-193. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753602.

JAMA

1.Jandieri G, Gordeziani G. Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage). engineeringperspective. 2025;5:183–193.

MLA

Jandieri, Gigo, and Giorgi Gordeziani. “Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage)”. Engineering Perspective, vol. 5, no. 4, Dec. 2025, pp. 183-9, doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753602.

Vancouver

1.Gigo Jandieri, Giorgi Gordeziani. Early Diagnostics of Alloys For Spinodal Decomposition: A Case of Preventive Prediction of Phase Delamination in an Irregular Fe-Cr-C Solid Solution (The Design Stage). engineeringperspective. 2025 Dec. 1;5(4):183-9. doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753602