Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology

Tuğba Tabanlıgil Calam; Sümeyye Kevran; Gülşen Taşkın

doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1912644

Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Sunset Yellow (SY) is a substance that is widely used in food products, but its use in high amounts causes anxiety, eczema, cancer, renal failure, migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), immunosuppression, diarrhea, allergy, and hepatocellular damage. Therefore, it is important to develop a method for sensitive determination of SY. In this study, the oxidation peak on the surface of the GC electrode was used for the sensitive determination of SY by electrochemical method. The effects of different support electrolyte solution media and the pH value of the support electrolyte solution on the oxidation peak current of SY were investigated. The pH 1.0 H2SO4 solution, where the largest peak current was obtained, was determined as the most suitable support electrolyte media. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of SY on the GC electrode surface was investigated by scan rate study. Using the obtained data, the mechanism of the SY redox process was proposed. Furthermore, it was determined that square wave voltammetry (SWV) is the most suitable voltammetric technique for determining SY on the GC electrode surface. SWV parameter optimization for electrochemical determination of SY was done using response surface methodology (RSM) by the Box-Behnken method. Based on the obtained results, the optimal SWV parameters were determined to be 76.222 mV for pulse amplitude (A), 77.822 Hz for frequency (B), and 7.623 mV for potential step (C).

Keywords

References

Kobylewski, S., & Jacobson, M. F. (2012). Toxicology of food dyes. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 18(3), 220–246. https://doi.org/10.1179/1077352512Z.00000000034
Balram, D., Lian, K. Y., Sebastian, N., Al-Mubaddel, F. S., & Noman, M. T. (2022). Ultrasensitive detection of food colorant sunset yellow using nickel nanoparticles promoted lettuce-like spinel Co3O4 anchored GO nanosheets. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 159, 112725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112725
Baytak, A. K., Akbaş, E., & Aslanoglu, M. (2019). A novel voltammetric platform based on dysprosium oxide for the sensitive determination of sunset yellow in the presence of tartrazine. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1087, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.055
Tabanlıgil Calam, T., & Taşkın Çakıcı, G. (2022). A sensitive method for the determination of 4-aminophenol using an electrochemical sensor based on 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 104728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104728
Tahtaisleyen, S., Gorduk, O., & Sahin, Y. (2021). Electrochemical determination of sunset yellow using an electrochemically prepared graphene oxide modified–pencil graphite electrode (EGO-PGE). Analytical Letters, 54(3), 394–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2020.1767120
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS). (2014). Reconsideration of the temporary ADI and refined exposure assessment for Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110). EFSA Journal, 12(7), 3765. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3765
Ye, X., Du, Y., Lu, D., & Wang, C. (2013). Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-coated poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-functionalized graphene composite film modified glassy carbon-rotating disk electrode and its application for simultaneous electrochemical determination colorants of sunset yellow and tartrazine. Analytica Chimica Acta, 779, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.061
Yang, H., Long, Y., Li, H., Pan, S., Liu, H., Yang, J., & Hu, X. (2018). Carbon dots synthesized by hydrothermal process via sodium citrate and NH4HCO3 for sensitive detection of temperature and sunset yellow. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 516, 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.054

Alves, S. P., Brum, D. M., de Andrade, É. C. B., & Netto, A. D. P. (2008). Determination of synthetic dyes in selected foodstuffs by high performance liquid chromatography with UV-DAD detection. Food Chemistry, 107(1), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.054
Liu, Z., Ou, J., Wang, H., You, X., & Ye, M. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of hydrazide-linked and amide-linked organic polymers. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8(46), 32060–32067. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b11572
Aktaş, A. H., & Ertokuş, G. P. (2010). Spectral simultaneous determination of tartrazine, allura red, sunset yellow and caramel in drink sample by chemometric method. Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 29(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVAC.2010.29.2.107
Xing, Y., Meng, M., Xue, H., Zhang, T., Yin, Y., & Xi, R. (2012). Development of a polyclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Sunset Yellow FCF in food samples. Talanta, 99, 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.029
Ou, Y., Wang, X., Lai, K., Huang, Y., Rasco, B. A., & Fan, Y. (2018). Gold nanorods as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates for rapid and sensitive analysis of allura red and sunset yellow in beverages. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(11), 2954–2961. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00007
Martin, F., Oberson, J. M., Meschiari, M., & Munari, C. (2016). Determination of 18 water-soluble artificial dyes by LC–MS in selected matrices. Food Chemistry, 197, 1249–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.067
Calam, T. T. (2021). A modified pencil graphite electrode with 2-thiobarbituric acid for the efficient and cheap voltammetric sensing of 4-aminophenol in water samples and child syrup sample. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 98, 103809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103809
Ansen, Z., & Calam, T. T. (2025). Optimization of voltammetric parameters and sensitive determination of hazardous 2-nitrophenol in environmental media using a modified glassy carbon electrode based on 2-amino nicotinamide. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 76, 108165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108165
Calam, T. T. (2025). A new modified electrode for the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol in environmental samples and optimization of voltammetric parameters by response surface methodology. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13(5), 118155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.118155
Calam, T. T., & Taşkın, G. (2024). Optimization of voltammetric parameters for sensitive and simultaneous determination of ferulic acid and vanillin using a glassy carbon electrode based on 2-aminonicotinic acid in the presence of surfactant media. Food Chemistry, 436, 137752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137752
Alia, K., Atia, D., Tedjani, M. L., Hasan, G. G., Mohammed, H. A., Laouini, S. E., et al. (2024). Characterization optimization of synthesis chitosan-clay/benzoin/Fe3O4 composite for adsorption of thionine dye by design expert study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 23373. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75016-w
Ao, S., Gouda, S. P., Saikia, L., Gurunathan, B., & Rokhum, S. L. (2024). Biochar carbon nanodots for catalytic acetalization of biodiesel by-product crude glycerol to solketal: Process optimization by RSM and life cycle cost analysis. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 20140. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69553-7
Saini, R., Mishra, R. K., & Kumar, P. (2024). Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using the Tinospora cordifolia plant extract: Exploring its potential for methylene blue dye degradation and antibacterial activity. ACS Omega, 9(18), 20304–20321. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c00748
Abbasi, S. (2025). Evaluating the efficiency of environmentally friendly magnetic photocatalyst for the treatment of industrial effluents containing dye pollutants. Applied Water Science, 15(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02369-6
Kalagatur, N. K., Kamasani, J. R., Siddaiah, C., & Kadirvelu, K. (2025). Inulin and β-glucan fortified Alphonso mango juice serves as a sustainable and effective probiotic delivery vehicle for Pediococcus pentosaceus. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 154, 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2025.08.012
Kocakulak, T., Solmaz, H., Taşkın, G., Calam, T. T., Şahin, F., Calam, A., et al. (2025). Enhanced synthesis and optimization of sulfonated polysulfone nanocomposite membranes with hexagonal boron nitride and functionalized carbon nanotubes. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 179, 114867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2025.114867
Zaini, M. S. M., Long, X., & Syed-Hassan, S. S. A. (2024). Optimizing the preparation of palm kernel shell activated carbon for lithium polysulfide adsorption using response surface methodology and artificial neural network for high performance lithium-sulfur battery. Journal of Energy Storage, 98, 113141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.113141
Abdulhameed, A. S., Wu, R., Reghioua, A., Mbuvi, H. M., Yaseen, Z. M., & Garba, Z. N. (2024). Activated carbon derived from rice husk biomass using pyrolysis-assisted tartaric acid activation for removal of reactive orange 16 dye: Adsorption modeling using response surface methodology. AUIQ Complementary Biological System, 1(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.70176/3007-973X.1009
Indurkar, P. D., Raj, S. K., & Kulshrestha, V. (2024). Parametric optimization and modeling of continuous electrocoagulation process for the removal of fluoride: Response surface methodology and machine learning approach. Chemical Papers, 78(4), 2193–2212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-03229-w
Arslan, T. A., Kocakulak, T., Ezzat, M., & Solmaz, H. (2026). RSM-based optimization of operating pressure, relative humidity, and MEA compression ratio in PEM fuel cells. Engineering Spectrum, 1(1), 9–14.
Tabanlıgil Calam, T., Karaoğlan, A., Oğuzalp, G., Taşkın Çakıcı, G., Yılmaz, M., & Polat, E. (2026). Optimization of square wave voltammetry parameters using response surface methodology for sensitive determination of 4-aminophenol on a modified electrochemical sensor surface. Engineering Spectrum, 1(1), 15–23.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Electrochemical Technologies

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Tuğba Tabanlıgil Calam ^*
0000-0002-3712-7713
Türkiye

Sümeyye Kevran
0009-0009-8385-539X
Türkiye

Gülşen Taşkın
0000-0001-7564-9777
Türkiye

Publication Date

May 20, 2026

Submission Date

March 18, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 18, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 6 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1912644

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA76FL82PU

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Tabanlıgil Calam, T., Kevran, S., & Taşkın, G. (2026). Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology. Engineering Perspective, 6(3), 389-397. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1912644

AMA

1.Tabanlıgil Calam T, Kevran S, Taşkın G. Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology. engineeringperspective. 2026;6(3):389-397. doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1912644

Chicago

Tabanlıgil Calam, Tuğba, Sümeyye Kevran, and Gülşen Taşkın. 2026. “Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology”. Engineering Perspective 6 (3): 389-97. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1912644.

EndNote

Tabanlıgil Calam T, Kevran S, Taşkın G (May 1, 2026) Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology. Engineering Perspective 6 3 389–397.

IEEE

[1]T. Tabanlıgil Calam, S. Kevran, and G. Taşkın, “Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology”, engineeringperspective, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 389–397, May 2026, doi: 10.64808/engineeringperspective.1912644.

ISNAD

Tabanlıgil Calam, Tuğba - Kevran, Sümeyye - Taşkın, Gülşen. “Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology”. Engineering Perspective 6/3 (May 1, 2026): 389-397. https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1912644.

JAMA

1.Tabanlıgil Calam T, Kevran S, Taşkın G. Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology. engineeringperspective. 2026;6:389–397.

MLA

Tabanlıgil Calam, Tuğba, et al. “Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology”. Engineering Perspective, vol. 6, no. 3, May 2026, pp. 389-97, doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1912644.

Vancouver

1.Tuğba Tabanlıgil Calam, Sümeyye Kevran, Gülşen Taşkın. Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Sunset Yellow on a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Optimization of Voltammetric Parameters for the Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow Using Response Surface Methodology. engineeringperspective. 2026 May 1;6(3):389-97. doi:10.64808/engineeringperspective.1912644