Research Article
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Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 11 - 21, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.29228/sciperspective.47590

Abstract

References

  • 1. Ekici, Y. E., & Nusret, T. A. N. (2019). Charge and dis-charge characteristics of different types of batteries on a hybrid electric vehicle model and selection of suitable bat-tery type for electric vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Science and Tech-nology, 3(4), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..527971
  • 2. Kunt, M. A. (2020). Advisor Based Modelling of Regen-erative Braking Performance of Electric Vehicles at Dif-ferent Road Slopes. International Journal of Automotive Science and Tech-nology, 4(2), 98-104. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..717097
  • 3. Un-Noor, F., Padmanaban, S., Mihet-Popa, L., Mollah, M.N., Hossain, E. (2017). A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Ve-hicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Develop-ment. Energies , 10, 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081217
  • 4. Kıyaklı, A. O., & Solmaz, H. (2018). Modeling of an Electric Vehicle with MATLAB/Simulink. International Journal of Auto-motive Science And Technology, 2(4), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..475477
  • 5. D. U. Thakar and R. A. Patel (2019). Comparison of Advance and Conventional Motors for Electric Vehicle Application, 2019 3rd International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation & Power Engi-neering (RDCAPE), NOIDA, India, pp. 137-142, doi: 10.1109/RDCAPE47089.2019.8979092.
  • 6. J. Ruan and Q. Song (2019). A Novel Dual-Motor Two-Speed Direct Drive Battery Electric Vehicle Drivetrain, in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 54330-54342, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912994.
  • 7. C. A. Bilatiu, S. I . Cosman, R. A. Martis, C. S. Martis and S. Morariu, (2019). Identification and Evaluation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Propulsion Systems. 2019 Electric Vehicles In-ternational Conference (EV). doi:10.1109/ev.2019.8892965
  • 8. Ghasri, M., Ardeshiri, A., & Rashidi, T. (2019). Per-ceived Ad-vantage in Perspective Application of Integrat-ed Choice and La-tent Variable Model to Capture Electric Vehicles Perceived Ad-vantage from Consumers Perspec-tive. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.11606.
  • 9. Kocakulak, T., & Solmaz, H. (2020). HCCI Menzil Art-tirici Mo-tor Kullanilan Seri Hibrit Bir Aracin Modellen-mesi. Gazi Üniver-sitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım Ve Teknoloji, 8(2), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.670564
  • 10. M. K. Yoong, Y. H. Gan, G. D. Gan, & K.W Chew. (2010). "Studies of regenerative braking in electric vehi-cle," 2010 IEEE Conference on Sustainable Utilization and Development in Engi-neering and Technology, Petal-ing Jaya, pp. 40-45, doi: 10.1109/STUDENT.2010.5686984.
  • 11. Heydari, S., Fajri, P., Rasheduzzaman, M., & Sabzehgar, R. (2019). Maximizing regenerative braking energy re-covery of electric vehicles through dynamic low-speed cutoff point detec-tion. IEEE Transactions on Transpor-tation Electrification, 5(1), 262-270.
  • 12. Heydari, S., Fajri, P., Sabzehgar, R., & Rasouli, M. (2019). A Novel Approach for Maximizing Regenerative Braking Energy Extraction of Electric Vehicles Using Motor Performance Lookup Table. In 2019 IEEE Trans-portation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2019.8790633
  • 13. Heydari, S., Fajri, P., Sabzehgar, R., & Asrari, A. (2020). Optimal Brake Allocation in Electric Vehicles for Maxim-izing Energy Harvesting During Braking. IEEE Transac-tions on Energy Con-version. DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2020.2994520
  • 14. J. Paterson and M. Ramsay (1993). "Electric vehicle braking by fuzzy logic control," Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Indus-try Applications Conference Twen-ty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Cana-da, pp. 2200-2204 vol.3, doi: 10.1109/IAS.1993.299173.
  • 15. Liu, H., Lei, Y., Fu, Y., & Li, X. (2020). An Optimal Slip Ratio-Based Revised Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Range-Extended Electric Vehi-cle. Energies, 13(6), 1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061526
  • 16. Zhao, W., Wu, G., Wang, C., Yu, L., & Li, Y. (2019). Energy transfer and utilization efficiency of regenerative braking with hybrid energy storage system. Journal of Power Sources, 427, 174-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.04.083
  • 17. Totev, V., Gueorgiev, V., & Rizov, P. (2019). Regenera-tive braking of electric vehicles. In 2019 11th Electrical Engineering Faculty Conference (BulEF) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
  • 18. Zhao, X., Li, L., Wang, X., Mei, M., Liu, C., & Song, J. (2019). Braking force decoupling control without pres-sure sensor for a novel series regenerative brake sys-tem. Proceedings of the Insti-tution of Mechanical Engi-neers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineer-ing, 233(7), 1750-1766. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0954407018785740
  • 19. C. Qiu, G. Wang, M. Meng, and Y. Shen (2018). A nov-el control strategy of regenerative braking system for electric vehicles under safety critical driving situations, Energy 149, 329 – 340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.046
  • 20. S. Oleksowicz, K. Burnham, and A. Gajek (2012). On the legal, safety and control aspects of regenerative brak-ing in hy-brid/electric vehicles.
  • 21. Martellucci, L., & Giannini, M. (2020). Regenerative Braking Experimental Tests and Results for Formula Student Car. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 11(1), 78-89. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtts.2021.111005
  • 22. Subramaniyam, K. V., & Subramanian, S. C. (2021). Impact of regenerative braking torque blend-out characteristics on electri-fied heavy road vehicle braking performance. Vehicle System Dynamics, 59(2), 269-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2019.1677921
  • 23. De Pinto, S., Camocardi, P., Chatzikomis, C., Sorniotti, A., Bot-tiglione, F., Mantriota, G., & Perlo, P. (2020). On the comparison of 2-and 4-wheel-drive electric vehicle layouts with central mo-tors and single-and 2-speed transmission systems. Energies, 13(13), 3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133328
  • 24. Ju, F., Zhuang, W., Wang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Comparison of four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain configurations. Energy, 118286. Ju, F., Zhuang, W., Wang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Com-parison of four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain configurations. Energy, 118286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118286
  • 25. Tan, F., & Yan, E. (2020). An Efficiency-Based Hybrid Mode Selection Model for A P134 Plug-In Hybrid Powertrain Architec-ture (No. 2020-01-5001). SAE Technical Paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-5001
  • 26. J. Zhang, B. Song, S. Cui and D. Ren (2009). "Fuzzy Logic Ap-proach to Regenerative Braking System," 2009 International Con-ference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, pp. 451-454, doi: 10.1109/IHMSC.2009.120.
  • 27. X. Guoqing, L. Weimin, X. Kun & Song, Zhibin. (2011). An In-telligent Regenerative Braking Strategy for Electric Vehicles. En-ergies. 4. 1461-1477. 10.3390/en4091461.
  • 28. Maia R., Silva M., Araùjo R., Nunes U. (2015). Electri-cal vehicle modeling : a Fuzzy logic model for regenerative braking. Expert Systems with Applications. Volume 42, Issue 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.07.006
  • 29. Y. Tao, X. Xie, H. Zhao, W. Xu and H. Chen (2017). A regenera-tive braking system for electric vehicle with four in-wheel motors based on fuzzy control. 2017 36th Chi-nese Control Conference (CCC), Dalian, pp. 4288-4293, doi: 10.23919/ChiCC.2017.8028032.
  • 30. Xiao, Boyi & Lu, Huazhong & Wang, Hailin & Ruan, Jiageng & Zhang, Nong. (2017). Enhanced Regenerative Braking Strategies for Electric Vehicles: Dynamic Per-formance and Potential Anal-ysis. Energies. 10. 1875. 10.3390/en10111875.
  • 31. Xin, Yafei & Zhang, Tiezhu & Zhang, Hongxin & Zhao, Qinghai & Zheng, Jian & Wang, Congcong. (2019). Fuzzy Logic Optimi-zation of Composite Brake Control Strategy for Load-Isolated Electric Bus. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2019. 1-14. 10.1155/2019/9735368.
  • 32. Kocakulak, T., & Solmaz, H. (2020). Control of pre and post transmission parallel hybrid vehicles with fuzzy log-ic method and comparison with other power sys-tems. Journal of the Facul-ty of Engineering and Architec-ture of Gazi University, 35(4), 2269-2286. DOI:10.17341/gazimmfd.709101
  • 33. HVH 250-115 Electric Motor datasheet. https://cdn.borgwarner.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/remy-pds---hvh250-115-sheet-euro-pr-3-16.pdf?sfvrsn=ad42cd3c_11, last access date: 13.08.2020
  • 34. R. Rajamani (2011). Vehicle dynamics and control, Mechanical Engineering Series, Springer US.

Comparison of Energy Consumption of Different Electric Vehicle Power Systems Using Fuzzy Logic-Based Regenerative Braking

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 11 - 21, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.29228/sciperspective.47590

Abstract

One of the disadvantages of electric vehicles that has not yet been overcome is the long battery refueling time. Besides studies to shorten the battery refueling time, increasing the driving range is also a solution to this problem. Different energy saving methods have been tried to increase the driving range. Regenerative braking is one of the best energy-saving methods in electric vehicles. Among several different strategies for regenerative braking, in this study, a fuzzy logic-based regenerative braking strategy is applied to ensure the best regenerative ratio for electric vehicles in any braking case. Moreover, three electric vehicles with different powertrains are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and their regenerative braking effectiveness is compared. Inputs of this fuzzy logic controller were determined as the vehicle speed, brake pedal position, and state of charge data; also, three different driving cy-cles are utilized for simulation. These models are equipped with REMY HVH250-115 electric motor and a battery with a capacity of 80 kWh. As a result, the energy-saving amounts are ordered from the best to the worst as all-wheel drive, front-wheel drive, and rear-wheel drive configurations. Furthermore, the average energy-saving in the all-wheel drive configuration is calculated as 19.11%, in the front-wheel drive configuration is calculated as 9.38%, and in the rear-wheel drive configuration is calculated as 7.93%.

References

  • 1. Ekici, Y. E., & Nusret, T. A. N. (2019). Charge and dis-charge characteristics of different types of batteries on a hybrid electric vehicle model and selection of suitable bat-tery type for electric vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Science and Tech-nology, 3(4), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..527971
  • 2. Kunt, M. A. (2020). Advisor Based Modelling of Regen-erative Braking Performance of Electric Vehicles at Dif-ferent Road Slopes. International Journal of Automotive Science and Tech-nology, 4(2), 98-104. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..717097
  • 3. Un-Noor, F., Padmanaban, S., Mihet-Popa, L., Mollah, M.N., Hossain, E. (2017). A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Ve-hicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Develop-ment. Energies , 10, 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081217
  • 4. Kıyaklı, A. O., & Solmaz, H. (2018). Modeling of an Electric Vehicle with MATLAB/Simulink. International Journal of Auto-motive Science And Technology, 2(4), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..475477
  • 5. D. U. Thakar and R. A. Patel (2019). Comparison of Advance and Conventional Motors for Electric Vehicle Application, 2019 3rd International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation & Power Engi-neering (RDCAPE), NOIDA, India, pp. 137-142, doi: 10.1109/RDCAPE47089.2019.8979092.
  • 6. J. Ruan and Q. Song (2019). A Novel Dual-Motor Two-Speed Direct Drive Battery Electric Vehicle Drivetrain, in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 54330-54342, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912994.
  • 7. C. A. Bilatiu, S. I . Cosman, R. A. Martis, C. S. Martis and S. Morariu, (2019). Identification and Evaluation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Propulsion Systems. 2019 Electric Vehicles In-ternational Conference (EV). doi:10.1109/ev.2019.8892965
  • 8. Ghasri, M., Ardeshiri, A., & Rashidi, T. (2019). Per-ceived Ad-vantage in Perspective Application of Integrat-ed Choice and La-tent Variable Model to Capture Electric Vehicles Perceived Ad-vantage from Consumers Perspec-tive. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.11606.
  • 9. Kocakulak, T., & Solmaz, H. (2020). HCCI Menzil Art-tirici Mo-tor Kullanilan Seri Hibrit Bir Aracin Modellen-mesi. Gazi Üniver-sitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım Ve Teknoloji, 8(2), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.670564
  • 10. M. K. Yoong, Y. H. Gan, G. D. Gan, & K.W Chew. (2010). "Studies of regenerative braking in electric vehi-cle," 2010 IEEE Conference on Sustainable Utilization and Development in Engi-neering and Technology, Petal-ing Jaya, pp. 40-45, doi: 10.1109/STUDENT.2010.5686984.
  • 11. Heydari, S., Fajri, P., Rasheduzzaman, M., & Sabzehgar, R. (2019). Maximizing regenerative braking energy re-covery of electric vehicles through dynamic low-speed cutoff point detec-tion. IEEE Transactions on Transpor-tation Electrification, 5(1), 262-270.
  • 12. Heydari, S., Fajri, P., Sabzehgar, R., & Rasouli, M. (2019). A Novel Approach for Maximizing Regenerative Braking Energy Extraction of Electric Vehicles Using Motor Performance Lookup Table. In 2019 IEEE Trans-portation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2019.8790633
  • 13. Heydari, S., Fajri, P., Sabzehgar, R., & Asrari, A. (2020). Optimal Brake Allocation in Electric Vehicles for Maxim-izing Energy Harvesting During Braking. IEEE Transac-tions on Energy Con-version. DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2020.2994520
  • 14. J. Paterson and M. Ramsay (1993). "Electric vehicle braking by fuzzy logic control," Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Indus-try Applications Conference Twen-ty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Cana-da, pp. 2200-2204 vol.3, doi: 10.1109/IAS.1993.299173.
  • 15. Liu, H., Lei, Y., Fu, Y., & Li, X. (2020). An Optimal Slip Ratio-Based Revised Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Range-Extended Electric Vehi-cle. Energies, 13(6), 1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061526
  • 16. Zhao, W., Wu, G., Wang, C., Yu, L., & Li, Y. (2019). Energy transfer and utilization efficiency of regenerative braking with hybrid energy storage system. Journal of Power Sources, 427, 174-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.04.083
  • 17. Totev, V., Gueorgiev, V., & Rizov, P. (2019). Regenera-tive braking of electric vehicles. In 2019 11th Electrical Engineering Faculty Conference (BulEF) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
  • 18. Zhao, X., Li, L., Wang, X., Mei, M., Liu, C., & Song, J. (2019). Braking force decoupling control without pres-sure sensor for a novel series regenerative brake sys-tem. Proceedings of the Insti-tution of Mechanical Engi-neers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineer-ing, 233(7), 1750-1766. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0954407018785740
  • 19. C. Qiu, G. Wang, M. Meng, and Y. Shen (2018). A nov-el control strategy of regenerative braking system for electric vehicles under safety critical driving situations, Energy 149, 329 – 340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.046
  • 20. S. Oleksowicz, K. Burnham, and A. Gajek (2012). On the legal, safety and control aspects of regenerative brak-ing in hy-brid/electric vehicles.
  • 21. Martellucci, L., & Giannini, M. (2020). Regenerative Braking Experimental Tests and Results for Formula Student Car. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 11(1), 78-89. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtts.2021.111005
  • 22. Subramaniyam, K. V., & Subramanian, S. C. (2021). Impact of regenerative braking torque blend-out characteristics on electri-fied heavy road vehicle braking performance. Vehicle System Dynamics, 59(2), 269-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2019.1677921
  • 23. De Pinto, S., Camocardi, P., Chatzikomis, C., Sorniotti, A., Bot-tiglione, F., Mantriota, G., & Perlo, P. (2020). On the comparison of 2-and 4-wheel-drive electric vehicle layouts with central mo-tors and single-and 2-speed transmission systems. Energies, 13(13), 3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133328
  • 24. Ju, F., Zhuang, W., Wang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Comparison of four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain configurations. Energy, 118286. Ju, F., Zhuang, W., Wang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Com-parison of four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain configurations. Energy, 118286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118286
  • 25. Tan, F., & Yan, E. (2020). An Efficiency-Based Hybrid Mode Selection Model for A P134 Plug-In Hybrid Powertrain Architec-ture (No. 2020-01-5001). SAE Technical Paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-5001
  • 26. J. Zhang, B. Song, S. Cui and D. Ren (2009). "Fuzzy Logic Ap-proach to Regenerative Braking System," 2009 International Con-ference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, pp. 451-454, doi: 10.1109/IHMSC.2009.120.
  • 27. X. Guoqing, L. Weimin, X. Kun & Song, Zhibin. (2011). An In-telligent Regenerative Braking Strategy for Electric Vehicles. En-ergies. 4. 1461-1477. 10.3390/en4091461.
  • 28. Maia R., Silva M., Araùjo R., Nunes U. (2015). Electri-cal vehicle modeling : a Fuzzy logic model for regenerative braking. Expert Systems with Applications. Volume 42, Issue 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.07.006
  • 29. Y. Tao, X. Xie, H. Zhao, W. Xu and H. Chen (2017). A regenera-tive braking system for electric vehicle with four in-wheel motors based on fuzzy control. 2017 36th Chi-nese Control Conference (CCC), Dalian, pp. 4288-4293, doi: 10.23919/ChiCC.2017.8028032.
  • 30. Xiao, Boyi & Lu, Huazhong & Wang, Hailin & Ruan, Jiageng & Zhang, Nong. (2017). Enhanced Regenerative Braking Strategies for Electric Vehicles: Dynamic Per-formance and Potential Anal-ysis. Energies. 10. 1875. 10.3390/en10111875.
  • 31. Xin, Yafei & Zhang, Tiezhu & Zhang, Hongxin & Zhao, Qinghai & Zheng, Jian & Wang, Congcong. (2019). Fuzzy Logic Optimi-zation of Composite Brake Control Strategy for Load-Isolated Electric Bus. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2019. 1-14. 10.1155/2019/9735368.
  • 32. Kocakulak, T., & Solmaz, H. (2020). Control of pre and post transmission parallel hybrid vehicles with fuzzy log-ic method and comparison with other power sys-tems. Journal of the Facul-ty of Engineering and Architec-ture of Gazi University, 35(4), 2269-2286. DOI:10.17341/gazimmfd.709101
  • 33. HVH 250-115 Electric Motor datasheet. https://cdn.borgwarner.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/remy-pds---hvh250-115-sheet-euro-pr-3-16.pdf?sfvrsn=ad42cd3c_11, last access date: 13.08.2020
  • 34. R. Rajamani (2011). Vehicle dynamics and control, Mechanical Engineering Series, Springer US.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Enes Yurdaer 0000-0001-8437-9457

Tolga Kocakulak 0000-0002-1269-6370

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yurdaer, E., & Kocakulak, T. (2021). Comparison of Energy Consumption of Different Electric Vehicle Power Systems Using Fuzzy Logic-Based Regenerative Braking. Engineering Perspective, 1(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.29228/sciperspective.47590