Böceklerde melanizasyon ve melanin temelli bağışıklık

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 205 - 217, 17.10.2017

Hasan Sevgili

https://doi.org/10.16969/entoteb.319250

Abstract

Böceklerde melanin gibi bir çok pigmentin etkili

olduğu renk ve desenlenmeler eşeysel davranışlar, uyarı renklenmesi ve kamuflaj

gibi farklı fonsiyonlar için hayati rol oynar. Kütikular melanin bir çok türde

genetik ve çevresel seçilime uğrar ve melanin kütikula sertleşmesi, yaraların

iyileşmesi ve omurgasızlardaki bağışıklıkta iş gören çok önemli bir bileşendir.

Melanin ve öncülleri bakteri, fungus ve virüslere kadar uzanan patojenlere

karşı geniş bir yelpazede koruyuculuk sağlar. Böceklerde kütikular melanizm ve

bazı doğal bağışıklık tepkileri ortak fizyolojik yolakları paylaşırlar.

Fenoloksidaz (PO) melanin sentezinin kilit enzimi olup hemolimf, bağırsak ve kütikulada

bulunur. Bir böcek hemolimfinde patojenle karşı karşıya geldiğinde hemositlerle

işgalci organizmanın etrafına birikerek etkisiz hale getirir (enkapsülasyon

tepkisi). Hemositler degranüle olarak tirozini L-DOPA’ya ve ardından çeşitli

difenol kinonlara dönüştüren tirozinaz fenoloksidaz salgılarlar. Bu substratlar

en sonunda melanokroma dönüşerek enzim içermeyen bir yolla melanine çevrilir.

Bu derlemede, özellikle melanin temelli bağışıklık tepkileri açısından böcek

fizyolojisinde melanizasyon süreci vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, küresel iklim

değişimi kapsamında, melanin temelli bağışıklık sistemi ile sıkı bir şekilde

ilişkisi olan termal melanin hipotezinin önemine dikkat çekilmiştir.

Keywords

Böcek bağışıklığı, melanin, melanizasyon, fenoloksidaz, termal melanin hipotezi

Melanisation and melanin-based immunity in insects

Abstract

The use of color patterns with pigments, such as melanin, play a vital
role for various functions in insects including sexual behavior, warning
coloration, and camouflage. Cuticular melanin appears to be under some genetic
and environmental selection in many species and, melanin is also a crucial
component in cuticular hardening, wound healing and invertebrate immunity.
Melanin and its precursors provides a protection against a wide range of
pathogens (including bacteria, fungi, animals and viruses) in insects.
Cuticular melanism and some innate immune responses can share common
physiological pathways in insects. Phenoloxidase
(PO), a key enzyme in the synthesis of melanin, is found in the haemolymph,
midgut and cuticle. When an insect host is confronted with a
hemocoel-bound pathogen, it encapsulates the invading organism with hemocytes
(encapsulation response). The hemocytes degranulate to release a tyrosinase
phenoloxidase, which converts tyrosine to L-DOPA and several other diphenol
quinones. These substrates are eventually transformed into melanochrome, which
non-enzymatically converts to melanin. In this review, importance of the
melanisation process in insect pyhsiology especially in melanin-based innate
immunity responses is highlighted. Additionaly, a special attention is given
the importance of the thermal melanin hypothesis, which is tightly associated
with melanin-based immune investment within the context of global climate
change.

Keywords

insect immunity, melanin, melanisation, phenoloxidase, thermal melanin hypothesis

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