Koku maruziyet süresinin koku parametreleri üzerine etkisi

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 76 - 81, 14.01.2016

Emre Günbey , Rıfat Karlı Recep Ünal

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı koku maruziyet süresinin koku eşiği, koku alma ve ayırt etme üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi idi.

Yöntem: Doksan sağlıklı erişkin randomize olarak 3 gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1’e standart koku maruziyet süresi (3–4 sn), Grup 2’ye 8–10 saniye ve Grup 3’e ise 30 saniye koku maruziyet süresi koku testi uygulandı. Her üç gruba ait koku parametreleri karşılaştırıldı.

Bulgular: Grup 2 ve 3, Grup 1’e göre anlamlı oranda daha iyi koku tanıma skorlarına sahipti. Üç grup arasında koku eşiği ve koku ayırt etme skorları açısından anlamlı fark yoktu. Grup 3’teki erkekler Grup 1 ve 2’dekilere göre, Grup 2 ve 3’teki kadınlar ise Grup 1’dekilere göre anlamlı oranda daha iyi koku tanıma skorlarına sahip idi.

Sonuç: Mevcut çalışmanın sonuçları uzun koku uyarısının yüksek koku tanıma skorlarına yol açtığını gösterdi. Bununla birlikte, koku eşiği ve koku ayırt etme koku maruziyet süresinden bağımsız idi. Koku tarama testlerindeki koku maruziyet süreleri bizim bulgularımızla uyumlu olarak cinsiyete göre revize edilebilir.

Anahtar sözcükler: Koku maruziyet süresi, koku tanıma, koku eşiği, koku ayırt etme, Sniffin’ sticks.

Keywords

Koku maruziyet süresi, koku tanıma, koku efliği, koku ayırt etme, Sniffin’ sticks

Impact of odor exposure time on olfactory parameters

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of odor exposure time on odor threshold, odor identification and discrimination.
Methods: Ninety healthy volunteers were randomly divided into three
groups: Group 1 underwent an olfactory test with the standard odor
exposure time (3–4 sec), Group 2 had an odor exposure time of 8–10
seconds, and Group 3 had 30 seconds. Odor parameters of three groups
were compared.

Results: Groups 2 and 3 had significantly better odor identification scores
than Group 1. There were no statistically significant differences between
the three groups in terms of mean odor threshold and discrimination
scores. Males of Group 3 had significantly better odor identification
scores than males of Groups 1 and 2 and females of Groups 2 and 3 had
significantly better odor identification scores than females of Group 1.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that longer odor
stimulation led to higher odor identification scores. However, odor
threshold and odor discrimination were independent from the odor
exposure time. The odor exposure time of olfactory screening tests may
be revised according to the gender in accordance with our findings

Keywords

Odor exposure time, odor identification, odor threshold, odor discrimination, Sniffin’ sticks

References

• Katotomichelakis M, Balatsouras D, Tripsianis G, Tsaroucha A, Homsioglou E, Danielides V. Normative values of olfactory func- tion testing using the ‘sniffin’ sticks’. Laryngoscope 2007;117: 114–20.
• Doty RL, Shaman P, Kimmelman CP, Dann MS. University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfac- tory function test for the clinic. Laryngoscope 1984;94:176–8.
• Croy I, Zehner C, Larsson M, Zucco GM, Hummel T. Test- retest reliability and validity of the Sniffin’ TOM odor memory test. Chem Senses 2015;40:173–9.
• Gudziol V, Hummel T. The influence of distractors on odor iden- tification. Arch Otolaryngol Head and Neck Surg 2009;135:143–5.
• Kobal G, Hummel T, Sekinger B, Barz S, Roscher S, Wolf S. ‘Sniffin’ sticks’: screening of olfactory performance. Rhinology 1996;34:222–6.
• Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G. ‘Sniffin’ sticks’: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds. Chem Senses 1997;22:39–52.
• Rahayel S, Frasnelli J, Joubert S. The effect of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease on olfaction: a meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 2012;231:60–74.
• Salihoğlu M, Kendirli MT, Altundağ A, et al. The effect of obstructive sleep apnea on olfactory functions. Laryngoscope 2014;124:2190–4.
• Kobal G, Klimek L, Wolfensberger M, et al. Multicenter investi- gation of 1,036 subjects using a standardized method for the assessment of olfactory function combining tests of odor identifi- cation, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2000;257:205–11.
• Doty RL. Olfactory system. In: Getchell TV, Doty RL, Bartoshuk LM, Snow JB, editors. Smell and taste in health and disease. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1991. p. 175–204.
• Ferdenzi C, Roberts SC, Schirmer A, et al. Variability of affective responses to odors: culture, gender, and olfactory knowledge. Chem Senses 2013;38:175–86.
• Malaty J, Malaty IA. Smell and taste disorders in primary care. Am Fam Physician 2013;88:852-9.
• Reiter ER, Di Nardo LJ, Costanzo RM. Effects of head injury on olfaction and taste. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004;37:1167–84.
• Rabin, MD. Experience facilitates olfactory quality discrimination. Percept Psychophys 1988;44:532–40.
• Jehl C, Royet JP, Holley A. Odor discrimination and recognition memory as a function of familiarization. Percept Psychophys 1995;57:1002–11.
• Lawless H, Engen T. Associations to odors: Interference, mnemonics, and verbal labeling. J Exp Psychol Hum Learn 1977;3:52–9,
• Sorokowska A, Albrecht E, Hummel T. Reading first or smelling first? Effects of presentation order on odor identification. Atten Percept Psychophys 2015;77:731–6.
• Negoias S, Troeger C, Rombaux P, Halewyck S, Hummel T. Number of descriptors in cued odor identification tests. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;136:296–300.
• de Wijk R, Cain WS, Pilla-Caminha G. Human psychophysical and neurophysiological measurements on ethanol. [Abstract] Chem Senses 1998;23:586.
• Larsson M, Finkel D, Pedersen NL. Odor identification: influ- ences of age, gender,cognition, and personality. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2000;55:P304–10.
• Albrecht J, Anzinger A, Kopietz R, et al. Test-retest reliability of the olfactory detection threshold test of the Sniffin’ sticks. Chem Senses 2008;33:461–7.
• Tekeli H, Altundağ A, Salihoğlu M, Cayönü M, Kendirli MT. The applicability of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory test in a Turkish population. Med Sci Monit 2013;19:1221–6.
• Doty RL, Marcus A, Lee WW. Development of the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). Laryngoscope 1996;106:353–6.
• Simmen D, Briner HR. Olfaction in rhinology – methods of assessing the sense of smell. Rhinology 2006;44:98–101.
• Frasnelli J, Lötsch J, Hummel T. Event-related potentials to intranasal trigeminal stimuli change in relation to stimulus con- centration and stimulus duration. J Clin Neurophysiol 2003;20: 80–6.
• Wise PM, Radil T, Wysocki CJ. Temporal integration in nasal lateralization and nasal detection of carbon dioxide. Chem Senses 2004;29:137–42.
• Cometto-Muniz, E, Cain WS. Temporal integration of pungency. Chem Senses 1984;8:315–27.
• van Spronsen E, Ebbens FA, Fokkens WJ. Olfactory function in healthy children: normative data for odor identification. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013;27:197–201.
• Neumann C, Tsioulos K, Merkonidis C, Salam M, Clark A, Philpott C. Validation study of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory test in a British population: a preliminary communication. Clin Otolaryngol 2012;37:23–7.
• Oliveira-Pinto AV, Santos RM, Coutinho RA, et al. Sexual dimor- phism in the human olfactory bulb: females have more neurons and glial cells than males. PLoS One 2014;9:e111733.
• Doty RL, Cameron EL. Sex differences and reproductive hor- mone influences on human odor perception. Physiol Behav 2009;97:213–28.
• Hummel T, Kobal G, Gudziol H, Mackay-Sim A. Normative data for the “Sniffin’ Sticks” including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007;264:237–43.
• This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY
• NC-ND3.0) Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduc
• tion in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
• Please cite this article as: Günbey E, Karlı R, Ünal R. Impact of odor exposure time on olfactory parameters. ENT Updates 2015;5(2):76–81.