Quantitative determination and antibacterial properties of TiO2 nanoparticle-doped glass ionomer cement: an in vitro study

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of the present study is to determine the amount of titanium ions released into the artificial salivary medium by modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) doped with 3% and 5% (w/w) titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), and to evaluate their antibacterial properties. Materials and methods: 120 cylindrical discs with a diameter of 4 mm and a height of 6 mm were made with 3% and 5% w/w modified GIC containing TiO2 NPs, divided into two groups of 60, and immersed in a chemically synthesized salivary medium. The samples were quantified over four-time periods: 24 hours, two months, four months, and six months, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), antibacterial properties were evaluated by means of colony forming count (CFU) method. Results: The amount of titanium ions released from the discs that received 3%(w/w) TiO2 was highest in the first two months, with no significant release at successive intervals. Also, the second group, which included 5% (w/w) TiO2, saw a considerable ion release at every interval, with the second month seeing the maximum release. The levels in the 5% (w/w) group were consistently higher when the two concentrations were compared at each of the four time points, indicating a considerable increase in titanium release and antibacterial property with a concentration increase from 3% to 5%. Conclusion: 3% and 5% (w/w) concentrations may be considered safe and exhibit significant antimicrobial effect, titanium ions were discharged at higher rates in 5% (w/w) modified GIC containing TiO2-NPs than in 3% (w/w) modified GIC containing TiO2-NPs.

Keywords

• Antibacterial
• Glass ionomer cement
• Ion release
• saliva
• Titanium dioxide

References

1. Mahendra TVD, Muddada V, Gorantla S, Karri T, Mulakala V, Prasad R, Chintala SK, Mounica K. Evaluation of antibacterial properties and shear bond strength of orthodontic composites containing silver nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles and fluoride: An in vitro study. Dental Press J Orthod 2022;27:e222067. google scholar
2. Altmann AS, Collares FM, Leitune VC, Samuel SM. The effect ofantimicrobial agents on bond strength of orthodontic adhesives: a meta-analysis of in vitro studies. OrthodCraniofac Res 2016;19:1-9. google scholar
3. Garcia-Contreras R, Scougall-Vilchis RJ, Contreras-Bulnes R, Kanda Y, Nakajima H, Sakagami H. Effects of TiO2 nano glass ionomer cements against normal and cancer oral cells. In Vivo 2014;28:895-907. google scholar
4. Kotrogianni M, Rahiotis C. Resin Composites in Orthodontic Bonding. A Clinical Guide. J Dent Oral Biol 2017; 2:1-10. google scholar
5. Blocher S, Frankenberger R, Hellak A, Schauseil M, Roggendorf MJ, KorbmacherSteiner HM. Effect on Enamel Shear Bond Strength of Adding Microsilver and Nanosilver Particles to the Primer of an Orthodontic Adhesive. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:4. google scholar
6. Metin-Gursoy G, Taner L, Akca G. Nanosilver Coated Orthodontic Brackets: in vivo antibacterial properties and ion release. Eur J Orthod 2017; 39:9-16. google scholar
7. Heravi F, Ramezani M, Poosti M, Hosseini M, Shajiei A, Ahrari F. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assessment of an Orthodontic Composite Containing Titanium-dioxide Nano-particles. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2013; 7:192-98. google scholar
8. Garcia-Contreras R, Scougall-Vilchis RJ, Contreras-Bulnes R, Sakagami H, Morales- google scholar

9. Luckie RA, Nakajima H. Mechanical, antibacterial and bond strength properties of nano-titanium-enriched glass ionomer cement. J Appl Oral Sci 2015; 23:321-28. google scholar
10. Elsaka SE, Hamouda IM, Swain MV. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles addition to a conventional glass-ionomer restorative: influence on physical and antibacterial properties. J Dentistry 2011;39:589-98. google scholar
11. Poosti M, Ramazanzadeh B, Zebarjad M, Javadzadeh P, Naderinasab M, Shakeri MT. Shear bond strength and antibacterial effects of orthodontic composite containing TiO2 nanoparticles. Eur J Orthod 2013;35:676-9. google scholar
12. SodagarA, Mohamad Saa, Abbas B, Yasamin FJ, Zahra B, Farideh E, Amir HM. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles incorporation on antibacterial properties and shear bond strength of dental composite used in Orthodontics. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 2017;22:67-74. google scholar
13. Wilschefski SC, Baxter MR. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Introduction to Analytical Aspects. Clin Biochem Rev 2019;40:115-33. google scholar
14. Martin-Cameân A, Jos A, Clleja A, Gil F, Iglesias-Linares A, Solano E,Cameân AM.Development and validation of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for the determinationof cobalt, chromium, copper and nickel in oral mucosa cells. Microchemical Journal 2014;114:73-9. google scholar
15. Showkat I, Chaudhary S, Sinha AA. Comparative evaluation of compressive strength of conventional glass ionomer cement and glass ionomer cement modified with nanoparticles. International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences 2020; 6: 574-76. google scholar
16. Yamashita Y, Bowen WH, Burne RA, Kuramitsu HK. Role of the Streptococcus mutans gtf genes in caries induction in the specific-pathogen-free rat model. Infection and Immunity 1993;61:3811-7. google scholar
17. Loesche WJ. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiological Reviews 1986;50:353-80. google scholar
18. Baehni PC, Takeuchi Y. Anti-plaque agents in the prevention of biofilm associated oral diseases. Oral Dis 2003;9:23-9. google scholar
19. Kerbusch AE, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Mulder J, Sanden WJ. Methods used for prevention of white spot lesion development during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Acta Odontol Scand 2012;70:564-8. google scholar
20. Sudjalim TR, Woods MG, Manton DJ, Reynolds EC. Prevention of demineralization around orthodontic brackets: in vitro. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop google scholar
21. Schmit JL, Staley RN, Wefwl JS, Kanellis M, Jakobsen JR, Ke Effect of fluoride varnish on demineralization on adjacent to brackets t ith RMGI cement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;122:125-34. google scholar
22. Reddy AK, Kambalyal PB, Patil SR, Vankhre M, Khan MY, Kumar TR. Comparative evaluation and influence on shear bond strength of incorporating silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in orthodontic adhesive. Journal of Orthodontic google scholar
23. Baranowska-Wojcik E, Szwajgier D, Oleszczuk P, Winiarska-mieczan A. Effects of E, Szwajgie google scholar
24. Shahmsa, Nag M, Kalagara T, Singh S,Manorama SV. Silver on PEG- PU-TiO2 polymer nanocomposite films; an excellent system for antibacterial applications. Chem Materials 2008; 20:2455–60. google scholar
25. Roy AS, Parveen A, Koppalkar AR, Prasad MA. Effect of nano-titanium dioxide with different antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology 2010;1:37-41 google scholar
26. Natarajan M, Padmanabhan S, Chitharanjan A, Narasimhan M. Evaluation of the genotoxic effects of fixed appliances on oral mucosal cells and the relationship to nickel and chromium concentrations: an in-vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;140:383-8. google scholar
27. Novianti S, Siregar E, Anggani HS. Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Brackets After Thermal Recycling by Direct Flaming. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr 2019; 19:e4990. google scholar
28. Nayak RS, Khanna B, Pasha A, Vinay K, Narayan A, Chaitra K. Evaluation of Nickel and Chromium Ion Release During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer: An In Vivo Study. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7:14- 20. google scholar
29. Faucher S, Lespes G. Quantification of titanium from TiO2 particles in biological tissue. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 2015;32:40-4. google scholar
30. Wang J, Li N, Zheng L, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhao X, Duan Y, Cui Y, Zhou M, Cai J.P38-Nrf-2 signaling pathway of oxidative stress in mice caused by nanoparticulate TiO2. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011;140:186–97. google scholar
31. Naslapur S, Malik SA, Laxmikanth SM, Ramachandra CS (2019) The Effect of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles on the Antibacterial Property and Shear Bond Strength of Dental Composite. Dent Health Curr Res 2019; 5:1. google scholar