Research Article

Evaluation of orthognathic surgery planning with artificial intelligence: a prospective, comparative study

Volume: 60 Number: 1 June 17, 2026

Evaluation of orthognathic surgery planning with artificial intelligence: a prospective, comparative study

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of cephalometric analyses performed by deep learning-based AI programs (NemoCeph 2D, OrthoDx, AudaxCeph, and WebCeph) by comparing their results with the gold standard measurements obtained from 3D CT scans in orthognathic surgery patients.

Materials and methods

Orthognathic surgery candidates underwent pretreatment 3D CT scans. These scans were manually analyzed using 3D cephalometric software to establish goldstandard landmark positions. Two-dimensional cephalometric images were then derived from the 3D scans, and deep learning–based AI programs automatically identified the landmarks on these images. The AI-generated measurements were compared with the 3D gold standard, and the differences were analyzed statistically.

Results

While the ANB angle showed no significant differences between the methods (p=0.061), other measurements—including SNA, SNB, Wits appraisal, Y Axis Angle, and various facial height ratios—showed significant discrepancies (p<0.05).

Conclusion

AI-based cephalometric analyses showed notable errors compared with the 3D CT gold standard. These findings suggest that deep learning algorithms require further refinement before they can be reliably used for orthognathic surgery planning.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

The authors declared that there is no supporting institution.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Bezmialem Vakıf University (Approval No: 2022/268, Date: 06/09/2022). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 17, 2026

Submission Date

May 21, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 1, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 60 Number: 1

APA
Temizkan, E., Yörük, B. Z., & Kılıç, B. (2026). Evaluation of orthognathic surgery planning with artificial intelligence: a prospective, comparative study. European Oral Research, 60(1), 169-175. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20261702936
AMA
1.Temizkan E, Yörük BZ, Kılıç B. Evaluation of orthognathic surgery planning with artificial intelligence: a prospective, comparative study. EOR. 2026;60(1):169-175. doi:10.26650/eor.20261702936
Chicago
Temizkan, Enes, Büşra Zeynep Yörük, and Banu Kılıç. 2026. “Evaluation of Orthognathic Surgery Planning With Artificial Intelligence: A Prospective, Comparative Study”. European Oral Research 60 (1): 169-75. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20261702936.
EndNote
Temizkan E, Yörük BZ, Kılıç B (June 1, 2026) Evaluation of orthognathic surgery planning with artificial intelligence: a prospective, comparative study. European Oral Research 60 1 169–175.
IEEE
[1]E. Temizkan, B. Z. Yörük, and B. Kılıç, “Evaluation of orthognathic surgery planning with artificial intelligence: a prospective, comparative study”, EOR, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 169–175, June 2026, doi: 10.26650/eor.20261702936.
ISNAD
Temizkan, Enes - Yörük, Büşra Zeynep - Kılıç, Banu. “Evaluation of Orthognathic Surgery Planning With Artificial Intelligence: A Prospective, Comparative Study”. European Oral Research 60/1 (June 1, 2026): 169-175. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20261702936.
JAMA
1.Temizkan E, Yörük BZ, Kılıç B. Evaluation of orthognathic surgery planning with artificial intelligence: a prospective, comparative study. EOR. 2026;60:169–175.
MLA
Temizkan, Enes, et al. “Evaluation of Orthognathic Surgery Planning With Artificial Intelligence: A Prospective, Comparative Study”. European Oral Research, vol. 60, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 169-75, doi:10.26650/eor.20261702936.
Vancouver
1.Enes Temizkan, Büşra Zeynep Yörük, Banu Kılıç. Evaluation of orthognathic surgery planning with artificial intelligence: a prospective, comparative study. EOR. 2026 Jun. 1;60(1):169-75. doi:10.26650/eor.20261702936