Research Article

Effect of chromogenic beverages on color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics: an in vitro study

Volume: 60 Number: 1 September 9, 2026

Effect of chromogenic beverages on color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics: an in vitro study

Abstract

Purpose

This study evaluated the effects of commonly consumed chromogenic beverages on the color stability and surface roughness of three CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics at different time intervals. The study aims to provide comparative data under standardized immersion conditions, addressing a gap in time-dependent color and surface alterations of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics.

Materials and Methods

A total of 168 specimens were prepared from three CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics (Vita Enamic HT 2M2, Cerasmart HT A2, and Brava HT A2). Specimens were immersed in distilled water, coffee, cola, or red wine at 37 ◦C for up to 12 days. Color (ΔE00, CIE L*a*b*), and surface roughness (Ra) were measured at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 days. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (factors: beverage and time) followed by post-hoc tests (α=0.05) was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Red wine produced the highest color change in all materials (p<0.001), followed by coffee, whereas cola and water resulted in significantly lower ΔE00 values. At day 12, Vita Enamic showed greater discoloration and roughness than Cerasmart and Brava (p<0.05). Both ΔE00 and Ra increased significantly with time (p<0.001).

Conclusion

Exposure to chromogenic beverages significantly affected both color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics. Red wine and coffee were the most aggressive agents, while Cerasmart demonstrated the best stability. Routine dietary counseling and periodic repolishing may be advisable to preserve the long-term esthetic integrity of CAD/CAM restorations.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

The authors declared that they have received no financial support.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval was not required for this in vitro study.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Restorative Dentistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 9, 2026

Submission Date

November 11, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 30, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 60 Number: 1

APA
Öztürk, T. N., & Yıldız, E. (2026). Effect of chromogenic beverages on color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics: an in vitro study. European Oral Research, 60(1), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20261822015
AMA
1.Öztürk TN, Yıldız E. Effect of chromogenic beverages on color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics: an in vitro study. EOR. 2026;60(1):283-290. doi:10.26650/eor.20261822015
Chicago
Öztürk, Tuğba Nur, and Esra Yıldız. 2026. “Effect of Chromogenic Beverages on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of CAD CAM Resin-Matrix Ceramics: An in Vitro Study”. European Oral Research 60 (1): 283-90. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20261822015.
EndNote
Öztürk TN, Yıldız E (September 1, 2026) Effect of chromogenic beverages on color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics: an in vitro study. European Oral Research 60 1 283–290.
IEEE
[1]T. N. Öztürk and E. Yıldız, “Effect of chromogenic beverages on color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics: an in vitro study”, EOR, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 283–290, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.26650/eor.20261822015.
ISNAD
Öztürk, Tuğba Nur - Yıldız, Esra. “Effect of Chromogenic Beverages on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of CAD CAM Resin-Matrix Ceramics: An in Vitro Study”. European Oral Research 60/1 (September 1, 2026): 283-290. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20261822015.
JAMA
1.Öztürk TN, Yıldız E. Effect of chromogenic beverages on color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics: an in vitro study. EOR. 2026;60:283–290.
MLA
Öztürk, Tuğba Nur, and Esra Yıldız. “Effect of Chromogenic Beverages on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of CAD CAM Resin-Matrix Ceramics: An in Vitro Study”. European Oral Research, vol. 60, no. 1, Sept. 2026, pp. 283-90, doi:10.26650/eor.20261822015.
Vancouver
1.Tuğba Nur Öztürk, Esra Yıldız. Effect of chromogenic beverages on color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM resin-matrix ceramics: an in vitro study. EOR. 2026 Sep. 1;60(1):283-90. doi:10.26650/eor.20261822015