The level of two trace elements in carious, non-carious, primary, and permanent teeth

Abstract

Purpose: The boron and fluoride mainly accumulate in the bones and teeth of the human body. The purpose of this study is to determine boron or fluoride levels in the whole tooth, to evaluate the correlation between their levels and to compare these levels in primary/permanent, carious, and non-carious groups. Materials and Methods: The boron and fluoride levels of thirty-six teeth, separated such as primary carious (n=9) and non-carious (n=9), permanent carious (n=9) and non-carious (n=9), were determined by ICP-MS and ion-selective electrode, respectively. Results: While boron levels were between 0.001 and 5.88 ppm, the fluoride levels were between 21.24 and 449.22 ppm. The boron level of non-carious teeth was higher than those of carious teeth in primary and permanent tooth groups. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The fluoride level of non-carious teeth was higher than those of carious teeth in primary (p=0.062) and permanent teeth groups (p=0.046). Negative correlation, found between boron and fluoride in all groups, was significant only in non-carious teeth group (r=-0.488, p=0.040). Conclusion: The results of our study proved the importance of fluoride as a protective factor for dental caries once more. The boron levels in non-carious teeth were also higher than carious teeth. However, it was not significant. Moreover, there was negative correlation between teeth boron and fluoride levels. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more detailed studies on the tooth boron level and its relation with caries formation and with fluoride levels.

Keywords

• Boron
• Fluoride
• Teeth
• Trace elements
• Dental health

References

1. 1. Ozdemir D. Dental caries: the most common disease worldwide and preventive strategies. Int J Biology 2013; 4: 55-61.
2. 2. Ghadimi E, Eimar H, Marelli B, Nazhat SN, Asgharian M, Vali H, Tamimi F. Trace elements can influence the physical properties of tooth enamel. Springerplus 2013; 2: 499.
3. 3. Bhattacharya PT, Misra SR, Hussain M. Nutritional aspects of essential trace elements in oral health and disease: an extensive review. Scientifica 2016; 2016: 1-12.
4. 4. Nielsen FH. Update on human health effects of boron. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28: 383-7.
5. 5. Hunt CD. Dietary boron: progress in establishing essential roles in human physiology. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2012; 26: 157-60.
6. 6. Kuru R, Yarat A. Boron and a current overview of its effects on health. Clin Exp Health Sci 2017; 7: 107-14. Article in Turkish.
7. 7. Nielsen FH, Meacham SL. Growing evidence for human health benefits of boron. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2011; 16: 169-80.
8. 8. Kuru R, Yilmaz S, Balan G, Tuzuner BA, Tasli PN, Akyuz S, Ozturk FY, Altuntas Y, Yarat A, Sahin F. Boron-rich diet may regulate blood lipid profile and prevent obesity: A non-drug and self-controlled clinical trial. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 54: 191-8.

9. 9. Ku WW, Chapin RE, Moseman RF, Brink RE, Pierce KD, Adams KY. Tissue disposition of boron in male fischer rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 111: 145-151.
10. 10. He M, Jin Z, Luo C, Deng LI, Xiaoa J, Zhang F. Determination of boron isotope ratios in tooth enamel by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after matrix separation by ion exchange chromatography. J Braz Chem Soc 2015; 5: 949-954.
11. 11. Pizzorno L. Nothing boring about boron. Integr Med 2015; 14: 35-48.
12. 12. Beattie JH, Peace HS. The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr 1993; 69: 871-84.
13. 13. Hakki SS, Bozkurt BS, Hakki EE. Boron regulates mineralized tissue-associated proteins in osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1). J Trace Elem Med Biol 2010; 24: 243-50.
14. 14. Toker H, Ozdemir H, Yuce HB, Goze F. The effect of boron on alveolar bone loss in osteoporotic rats. J Dent Sci 2016; 20: 1-7.
15. 15. Demirci S, Kaya MS, Dogan A, Kalay S, Altın NO, Yarat A, Akyuz SH, Sahin F. Antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of boron-containing dental composite. Turk J Biol 2015; 39: 417-26.
16. 16. Liu FT. Postdevelopmental effects of boron, fluoride, and their combination on dental caries activity in the rat. J Dent Res 1975; 54: 97-103.
17. 17. Mier EAM. Fluoride: its metabolism, toxicity, and role in dental health. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2012; 17: 28-32.
18. 18. Kanduti D, Sterbank P, Artnik B. Fluoride: a review of use and effects on health. Mater Sociomed 2016; 28: 133-7.
19. 19. Pathak MU, Shetty V, Kalra D. Trace elements and oral health: a systematic review. J Adv Oral Res 2015; 7: 12-20.
20. 20. Tvinnereim HM, Eide R, Riise T, Fosse G, Wesenberg GR. Zinc in primary teeth from children in Norway. Sci Total Environ 1999; 226: 201-12.
21. 21. Burguera E, Romero Z, Burguera M, Burguera JL, Arenas H, Rondon C, Bernardi ML. Determination of some cationic species in temporary teeth. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2002; 16: 103-12.
22. 22. Chew LT, Bradley DA, Mohd AY, Jamil MM. Zinc, lead and copper in human teeth measured by induced coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Appl Radiat Isot 2000; 53: 633-8.
23. 23. Riyat M, Sharma DC. Analysis of 35 inorganic elements in teeth in relation to caries formation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 129: 126-9.
24. 24. Shashikiran ND, Reddy VVS, Hiremath MC. Estimation of trace elements in sound and carious enamel of primary and permanent teeth by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Indian J Dent Res 2007; 18: 157-62.
25. 25. Kumagai A, Fujita Y, Endo S, Itai K. Concentrations of trace element in human dentin by sex and age. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 219: 29-32.
26. 26. Igreja PMN. Biochemical basis of dental aging. U. Port 2012; 11-12.
27. 27. Kanduti D, Sterbenk P, Artnik B. Fluoride: a review of use and effects on health. Mater Sociomed 2016; 28: 133-137.
28. 28. Erturk MSO, Kirzioglu Z. In vitro evaluation of dentin permeability of fluorotic primary teeth with a new electronic hydraulic conductance measurement system with photosensors. Arch Oral Bio 2007; 52: 1057-63.
29. 29. Liu FTY. Postdevelopmental effects of boron, fluoride, and their combination on dental caries activity in the rat. J Dent Res 1975; 54: 97-103.