Research Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 54 Issue: 2, 92 - 100, 30.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20200050

Abstract

References

  • 1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;
  • 2. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–74.
  • 3. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;
  • 4. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;
  • 5. Sabino-Silva R, Jardim ACG, Siqueira WL. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clin Oral Investig [Internet]. 2020;13–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32078048
  • 6. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci [Internet]. 2020;(February):1–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9
  • 7. Spagnuolo G, Vito D De, Rengo S, Tatullo M. COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview on Dentistry. Int J Environ Res Public Heal 2020, Vol 17, Page 2094. 2020;
  • 8. World Health Organization(WHO). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19) [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
  • 9. To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Chik-Yan Yip C, Chan K-H, Wu T-C, Chan JMC, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;
  • 10. Spicciarelli V, Marruganti C, Viviano M, Baldini N, Franciosi G, Tortoriello M, et al. Prevention and safety in the dental office after Novel Human Coronavirus outbreak: unresolved questions and future directions. J Osseointegration. 2020;155–63.
  • 11. Khurshid Z, Asiri FYI, Al Wadaani H. Human saliva: non-invasive fluid for detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2225.
  • 12. Farshidfar N, Hamedani S. Hyposalivation as a potential risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Inhibitory role of saliva. Oral Dis [Internet]. 2020 Apr 29;n/a(n/a). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13375
  • 13. World Health Organization(WHO). Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. 2020;(March):1–3. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations
  • 14. Wax RS, Christian MD. Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patients. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 2020.
  • 15. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;
  • 16. Liu L, Wei Q, Alvarez X, Wang H, Du Y, Zhu H, et al. Epithelial Cells Lining Salivary Gland Ducts Are Early Target Cells of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the Upper Respiratory Tracts of Rhesus Macaques. J Virol. 2011;
  • 17. Gralton J, Tovey ER, Mclaws ML, Rawlinson WD. Respiratory virus RNA is detectable in airborne and droplet particles. J Med Virol. 2013;
  • 18. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;
  • 19. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020;
  • 20. Doremalen N van, Bushmaker T, Morris D, Holbrook M, Gamble A, Williamson B, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1. medRxiv. 2020;
  • 21. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020.
  • 22. Chin A, Chu J, Perera M, Hui K, Yen H-L, Chan M, et al. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. medRxiv. 2020;
  • 23. J.A. O, C. D, S. Y, S. D, S.D. G, D.J. W. Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: The possible role of dry surface contamination. J Hosp Infect. 2015;
  • 24. Hindson J. COVID-19: faecal–oral transmission? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-0295-7
  • 25. Wu Y, Guo C, Tang L, Hong Z, Zhou J, Dong X, et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;
  • 26. Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. 2020;2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520914246
  • 27. Medical Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran’s dental guideline for COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://corona.ir/article/dentists-guidelines
  • 28. Public Health England. COVID-19: infection prevention and control (IPC) [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-infection-prevention-and-control
  • 29. American Dental Association (ADA). ADA Interim Guidance for Minimizing Risk of COVID-19 Transmission [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.ada.org/~/media/CPS/Files/COVID/ADA_COVID_Int_Guidance_Treat_Pts.pdf?utm_source=cpsorg&utm_medium=cpsalertbar&utm_content=cv-pm-ebd-interim-response&utm_campaign=covid-19
  • 30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-control-recommendations.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Finfection-control%2Fcontrol-recommendations.html
  • 31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Dental Settings During the COVID-19 Response [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/dental-settings.html
  • 32. Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J, Experts WHOWA for PSFGPSCCG of. The World Health Organization guidelines on hand hygiene in health care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(7):611–22.
  • 33. World Health Organization(WHO). Water , sanitation , hygiene and waste management for the COVID-19 virus. 2020;(March):1–6. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/water-sanitation-hygiene-and-waste-management-for-covid-19
  • 34. World Health Organization(WHO). Guide To Local Production: Who-Recommended Handrub Formulations. 2015;(April):1–9. Available from: https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf
  • 35. World Health Organization(WHO). Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected. 2020;(March):1–5. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected-20200125
  • 36. United States Environmental Protection Agency. List N: Disinfectants for Use Against SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2
  • 37. Public Health England and Department of Health and Social Care. COVID-19: guidance for health professionals [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/wuhan-novel-coronavirus#guidance
  • 38. Dave M, Seoudi N, Coulthard P. Urgent dental care for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;
  • 39. World Health Organization(WHO). Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). 2020;(March):1–7. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331498
  • 40. Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers. Elife. 2020 Mar;9.
  • 41. Rengasamy S, Shaffer R, Williams B, Smit S. A comparison of facemask and respirator filtration test methods. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2017;
  • 42. Chung SJ, Ling ML, Seto WH, Ang BS, Tambyah PA. Debate on MERS-CoV respiratory precautions: surgical mask or N95 respirators? Singapore Med J [Internet]. 2014 Jun;55(6):294–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25017402
  • 43. World Health Organization(WHO). Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care, and in health care settings in the context of COVID-19. 2020;(March):1–2. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak
  • 44. Klein RC, Party E, Gershey EL. Virus penetration of examination gloves. Biotechniques [Internet]. 1990 Aug;9(2):196—199. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/2400601
  • 45. Korniewicz DM, Laughon BE, Cyr WH, Lytle CD, Larson E. Leakage of virus through used vinyl and latex examination gloves. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(4):787–8.
  • 46. American Dental Association. Coronavirus Frequently Asked Questions [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://success.ada.org/en/practice-management/patients/coronavirus-frequently-asked-questions
  • 47. Bouadma L, Karpanen T, Elliott T. Chlorhexidine use in adult patients on ICU. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2018;44(12):2232–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5137-5
  • 48. Harrel SK, Molinari J. Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: A brief review of the literature and infection control implications. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;
  • 49. Farzan A, Firoozi P. Which Mouthwashe is Appropriate for Eliminating Coronaviruses? A.
  • 50. Izzetti R, Nisi M, Gabriele M, Graziani F. COVID-19 Transmission in Dental Practice: Brief Review of Preventive Measures in Italy. J Dent Res. 2020;0022034520920580.
  • 51. Li RWK, Leung KWC, Sun FCS, Samaranayake LP. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the GDP. Part II: Implications for GDPs. Br Dent J. 2004;197(3):130–4.
  • 52. Prashanti E, Sumanth KN, George PR, Karanth L, Soe HHK. Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10).
  • 53. Garden JM, O’Banion MK, Bakus AD, Olson C. Viral disease transmitted by laser-generated plume (aerosol). Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(10):1303–7.
  • 54. Ather A, Patel B, Ruparel NB, Diogenes A, Hargreaves KM. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for clinical dental care. J Endod. 2020;
  • 55. World Health Organization(WHO). Safe management of wastes from health-care activities: a summary [Internet]. Geneva PP - Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259491

The dilemma of COVID-19 in dental practice concerning the role of saliva in transmission: a brief review of current evidence

Year 2020, Volume: 54 Issue: 2, 92 - 100, 30.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20200050

Abstract

From December 12, 2019, a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome, the novel human coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by a novel β-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) began to grow globally by person-to-person transmission. The production of airborne material during aerosol generating dental procedures would expose dental team and patients to remarkable risk of transmission concerning the face-to-face communication and splattered saliva, blood, and other body fluids. Dental professionals can be a substantial help in preventing the transmission of COVID-19. This study has reviewed relevant current evidences in literature that has addressed the role of saliva and the threats that may be inherent in transmission of the disease during dental procedures. The study also offers feasible proactive and preventive measures for dental practice during the outbreak to block possible person-to-person or indirect transmission in dental settings.

References

  • 1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;
  • 2. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–74.
  • 3. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;
  • 4. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;
  • 5. Sabino-Silva R, Jardim ACG, Siqueira WL. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clin Oral Investig [Internet]. 2020;13–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32078048
  • 6. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci [Internet]. 2020;(February):1–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9
  • 7. Spagnuolo G, Vito D De, Rengo S, Tatullo M. COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview on Dentistry. Int J Environ Res Public Heal 2020, Vol 17, Page 2094. 2020;
  • 8. World Health Organization(WHO). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19) [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
  • 9. To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Chik-Yan Yip C, Chan K-H, Wu T-C, Chan JMC, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;
  • 10. Spicciarelli V, Marruganti C, Viviano M, Baldini N, Franciosi G, Tortoriello M, et al. Prevention and safety in the dental office after Novel Human Coronavirus outbreak: unresolved questions and future directions. J Osseointegration. 2020;155–63.
  • 11. Khurshid Z, Asiri FYI, Al Wadaani H. Human saliva: non-invasive fluid for detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2225.
  • 12. Farshidfar N, Hamedani S. Hyposalivation as a potential risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Inhibitory role of saliva. Oral Dis [Internet]. 2020 Apr 29;n/a(n/a). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13375
  • 13. World Health Organization(WHO). Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. 2020;(March):1–3. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations
  • 14. Wax RS, Christian MD. Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patients. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 2020.
  • 15. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;
  • 16. Liu L, Wei Q, Alvarez X, Wang H, Du Y, Zhu H, et al. Epithelial Cells Lining Salivary Gland Ducts Are Early Target Cells of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the Upper Respiratory Tracts of Rhesus Macaques. J Virol. 2011;
  • 17. Gralton J, Tovey ER, Mclaws ML, Rawlinson WD. Respiratory virus RNA is detectable in airborne and droplet particles. J Med Virol. 2013;
  • 18. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;
  • 19. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020;
  • 20. Doremalen N van, Bushmaker T, Morris D, Holbrook M, Gamble A, Williamson B, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1. medRxiv. 2020;
  • 21. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020.
  • 22. Chin A, Chu J, Perera M, Hui K, Yen H-L, Chan M, et al. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. medRxiv. 2020;
  • 23. J.A. O, C. D, S. Y, S. D, S.D. G, D.J. W. Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: The possible role of dry surface contamination. J Hosp Infect. 2015;
  • 24. Hindson J. COVID-19: faecal–oral transmission? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-0295-7
  • 25. Wu Y, Guo C, Tang L, Hong Z, Zhou J, Dong X, et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;
  • 26. Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. 2020;2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520914246
  • 27. Medical Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran’s dental guideline for COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://corona.ir/article/dentists-guidelines
  • 28. Public Health England. COVID-19: infection prevention and control (IPC) [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-infection-prevention-and-control
  • 29. American Dental Association (ADA). ADA Interim Guidance for Minimizing Risk of COVID-19 Transmission [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.ada.org/~/media/CPS/Files/COVID/ADA_COVID_Int_Guidance_Treat_Pts.pdf?utm_source=cpsorg&utm_medium=cpsalertbar&utm_content=cv-pm-ebd-interim-response&utm_campaign=covid-19
  • 30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-control-recommendations.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Finfection-control%2Fcontrol-recommendations.html
  • 31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Dental Settings During the COVID-19 Response [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/dental-settings.html
  • 32. Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J, Experts WHOWA for PSFGPSCCG of. The World Health Organization guidelines on hand hygiene in health care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(7):611–22.
  • 33. World Health Organization(WHO). Water , sanitation , hygiene and waste management for the COVID-19 virus. 2020;(March):1–6. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/water-sanitation-hygiene-and-waste-management-for-covid-19
  • 34. World Health Organization(WHO). Guide To Local Production: Who-Recommended Handrub Formulations. 2015;(April):1–9. Available from: https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Guide_to_Local_Production.pdf
  • 35. World Health Organization(WHO). Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected. 2020;(March):1–5. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected-20200125
  • 36. United States Environmental Protection Agency. List N: Disinfectants for Use Against SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2
  • 37. Public Health England and Department of Health and Social Care. COVID-19: guidance for health professionals [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/wuhan-novel-coronavirus#guidance
  • 38. Dave M, Seoudi N, Coulthard P. Urgent dental care for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;
  • 39. World Health Organization(WHO). Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). 2020;(March):1–7. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331498
  • 40. Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers. Elife. 2020 Mar;9.
  • 41. Rengasamy S, Shaffer R, Williams B, Smit S. A comparison of facemask and respirator filtration test methods. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2017;
  • 42. Chung SJ, Ling ML, Seto WH, Ang BS, Tambyah PA. Debate on MERS-CoV respiratory precautions: surgical mask or N95 respirators? Singapore Med J [Internet]. 2014 Jun;55(6):294–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25017402
  • 43. World Health Organization(WHO). Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care, and in health care settings in the context of COVID-19. 2020;(March):1–2. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak
  • 44. Klein RC, Party E, Gershey EL. Virus penetration of examination gloves. Biotechniques [Internet]. 1990 Aug;9(2):196—199. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/2400601
  • 45. Korniewicz DM, Laughon BE, Cyr WH, Lytle CD, Larson E. Leakage of virus through used vinyl and latex examination gloves. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(4):787–8.
  • 46. American Dental Association. Coronavirus Frequently Asked Questions [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://success.ada.org/en/practice-management/patients/coronavirus-frequently-asked-questions
  • 47. Bouadma L, Karpanen T, Elliott T. Chlorhexidine use in adult patients on ICU. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2018;44(12):2232–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5137-5
  • 48. Harrel SK, Molinari J. Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: A brief review of the literature and infection control implications. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;
  • 49. Farzan A, Firoozi P. Which Mouthwashe is Appropriate for Eliminating Coronaviruses? A.
  • 50. Izzetti R, Nisi M, Gabriele M, Graziani F. COVID-19 Transmission in Dental Practice: Brief Review of Preventive Measures in Italy. J Dent Res. 2020;0022034520920580.
  • 51. Li RWK, Leung KWC, Sun FCS, Samaranayake LP. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the GDP. Part II: Implications for GDPs. Br Dent J. 2004;197(3):130–4.
  • 52. Prashanti E, Sumanth KN, George PR, Karanth L, Soe HHK. Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10).
  • 53. Garden JM, O’Banion MK, Bakus AD, Olson C. Viral disease transmitted by laser-generated plume (aerosol). Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(10):1303–7.
  • 54. Ather A, Patel B, Ruparel NB, Diogenes A, Hargreaves KM. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for clinical dental care. J Endod. 2020;
  • 55. World Health Organization(WHO). Safe management of wastes from health-care activities: a summary [Internet]. Geneva PP - Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259491
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Dentistry, Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Shahram Hamedanı This is me 0000-0003-1119-2565

Nima Farshıdfar This is me 0000-0003-2944-5305

Ava Zıaeı This is me 0000-0003-4865-0494

Hamidreza Pakravan This is me 0000-0001-6987-6738

Publication Date May 30, 2020
Submission Date May 5, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 54 Issue: 2

Cite

EndNote Hamedanı S, Farshıdfar N, Zıaeı A, Pakravan H (May 1, 2020) The dilemma of COVID-19 in dental practice concerning the role of saliva in transmission: a brief review of current evidence. European Oral Research 54 2 92–100.