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The Relationship between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey

Year 2012, Volume: 7 Issue: 1 - Volume 7, Issue 1, 2012, 24 - 38, 19.05.2016

Sedat Gumus Selim Kayhan

Abstract

It has long been argued that there is a close relationship between education and economic development at both individual and societal levels. Economists have found that the level of educational infrastructure is an important indicator of economic development. Similarly, economic variables have been found to be strongly related to school enrollment in many studies. Hence, we investigate the relationship between GDP per capita and school enrollment rates at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels during the period 1980–2008 in Turkey. To this end, we employed Toda-Yamamoto’s (1995) causality test. Findings of our analyses suggest that there is a statistically significant relationship between GDP per capita and the school enrollment rate at the primary level bi-directionally. A significant relationship between these two variables at the secondary level was also indicated in the study, but this relationship was only significant in one direction: from the GDP per capita to the secondary school enrollment rate. For the tertiary level, no casual relationship was found between changes in GDP per capita and the school enrollment rate

References

  • Acemoglu, D. & Angrist, J. D. (1999). How large are human capital externalities? Evidence from compulsory schooling laws. NBER Working Paper, no. 7444.
  • Ay, A. & Yardimci, P. (2008). Turkiye’de beseri sermaye birikimine dayali ak tipi icsel ekonomik buyumenin var modeli ile analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 155, 39–54.
  • Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2000). International data on educational attainment updates and implications, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass., USA.
  • Barro, R.J. & Sala-i-Martin,X. (1995). Technological diffusion, convergence, and the growth, NBER Working Papers, no. 5151.
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49.
  • Blundell, R., Dearden, L., Meghir, C., & Sianesi, B. (1999). Human capital investment: the returns from education and training to the individual, the firm and the economy. Fiscal Studies, 20(1), 1–23.
  • Erdogan, S. & Yildirim, D. C. (2009). Turkiye’de egitim – iktisadi buyume iliskisi uzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yonetimi, 4(2), 11–22.
  • Gedik, A., Sahin, N., & Suer, S. (2000). The importance of the socio-demographic indicators in the regional disparities in Turkey 1990–1994. International Journal of Environment Creation, 3(2), 89–102.
  • De la Fuenta, A. & Domenech, R. (2002). “Human capital in growth regressions: How much difference does data quality make?” CEPR Discussion Papers, no. 2466, London: Centre for Economic Policy.
  • Duman, A. (2008). Education and income inequality in Turkey: Does schooling matter? Financial Theory and Practice, 32(3), 369–385.
  • Ertugrul, A. & Selcuk, F. (Forthcoming). A brief account of the Turkish economy: 1980– 2000. Russian and East European Finance and Trade.
  • Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica, 64, 813–836.
  • Hanushek, E. A. (2002) Publicly Provided Education. In A. J. Auerbach & M. Feldstein (Eds.), Handbook of Public Economics (pp. 2045–2141). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Hanushek, E. A. & Kimko, D. (2002). Schooling, labor Force quality and the growth of nations. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1184–1208.
  • Jayawardena, K. (1986). Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World. London: Zed Press.
  • Koç, I., Eryurt, M. A., Adali, T., & Seçkiner, P. (2010). Türkiye’nin demografik dönüsümü: dogurganlik, aile planlamasi, anne-cocuk sagligi ve bes yas alti ölümlerdeki degisimler: 1968–2008. Ankara: Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies.
  • Kruger, A. B. & Lindahl, M. (2002). Education for growth: Why and for whom. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(4), 1101–1136.
  • MoNE. (2002). Education from the foundation of the republic until today. Retrieved May 15, 2010 from: http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/apk2002ing/TableOfContents.htm
  • MoNE. (2010). National Education Statistics Formal Education 2009–2010. Ankara: Ministry of National Education.
  • Moghadam, V. (1993). Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Oxaal, Z. (1997). Education and poverty: A gender analysis report (Report No. 53). Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
  • Ozsoy, C. (2010). Turkiye’de egitim ve iktisadi buyume arasindaki iliskinin var modeli ile analizi. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yonetimi, 5(1), 71–83.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: A global update. Elsevier, 22(9), 1325–1343.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. & Patrinos, H. A. (2002). Returns to investment in education: A further update. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 288.
  • Romer, D. (2006). Advanced Macroeconomics. (Third Edition). New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Sari, R. & Soytas, U. (2006). Income and education in Turkey: A multivariate analysis. Education Economics, 14(2), 181–196.
  • Smits, J., & Gunduz-Hosgor, A. (2006). Effects of family background characteristics on educational participation in Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 26(5), 545–560.
  • Squalli, J. (2007). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Bounds and causality analyses of OPEC members, Energy Economics, 29, 1192–1205.
  • Tansel, A. & Gungor, A. D. (2003). Provincial inequalities in school enrollments in Turkey. Economic Research Forum WorkingPaper. Retrieved March 20, 2010 from http://ssrn.com/abstract=266168 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.266168
  • Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inferences in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250.
  • Turkmen, F. (2002). Egitimin ekonomik ve sosyal faydalari ve Turkiye’de egitim ekonomik buyume iliskisinin arastirilmasi. DPT, no. 2655.
  • Wigley, S. & Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A. (2008). Basic education and capability development in Turkey. In A.M. Nohl, A. Akkoyunlu-Wigley, and S. Wigley (Eds.), Education in Turkey. New York/ Münster: Waxmann Publishing.
  • Yaylalar, M. & Lebe, F. (2011). Beseri sermaye ile ekonomik buyume arasindaki iliskinin ampirik analizi. Marmara University I.I.B.F. Dergisi, 20(1), 23–51.
  • YOK (2011). List of Universities in Turkey. Retrieved October 10, 2011. http://www.yok.gov.tr/content/view/527/222/lang,tr/

Year 2012, Volume: 7 Issue: 1 - Volume 7, Issue 1, 2012, 24 - 38, 19.05.2016

Sedat Gumus Selim Kayhan

Abstract

References

  • Acemoglu, D. & Angrist, J. D. (1999). How large are human capital externalities? Evidence from compulsory schooling laws. NBER Working Paper, no. 7444.
  • Ay, A. & Yardimci, P. (2008). Turkiye’de beseri sermaye birikimine dayali ak tipi icsel ekonomik buyumenin var modeli ile analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 155, 39–54.
  • Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2000). International data on educational attainment updates and implications, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass., USA.
  • Barro, R.J. & Sala-i-Martin,X. (1995). Technological diffusion, convergence, and the growth, NBER Working Papers, no. 5151.
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49.
  • Blundell, R., Dearden, L., Meghir, C., & Sianesi, B. (1999). Human capital investment: the returns from education and training to the individual, the firm and the economy. Fiscal Studies, 20(1), 1–23.
  • Erdogan, S. & Yildirim, D. C. (2009). Turkiye’de egitim – iktisadi buyume iliskisi uzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yonetimi, 4(2), 11–22.
  • Gedik, A., Sahin, N., & Suer, S. (2000). The importance of the socio-demographic indicators in the regional disparities in Turkey 1990–1994. International Journal of Environment Creation, 3(2), 89–102.
  • De la Fuenta, A. & Domenech, R. (2002). “Human capital in growth regressions: How much difference does data quality make?” CEPR Discussion Papers, no. 2466, London: Centre for Economic Policy.
  • Duman, A. (2008). Education and income inequality in Turkey: Does schooling matter? Financial Theory and Practice, 32(3), 369–385.
  • Ertugrul, A. & Selcuk, F. (Forthcoming). A brief account of the Turkish economy: 1980– 2000. Russian and East European Finance and Trade.
  • Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica, 64, 813–836.
  • Hanushek, E. A. (2002) Publicly Provided Education. In A. J. Auerbach & M. Feldstein (Eds.), Handbook of Public Economics (pp. 2045–2141). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Hanushek, E. A. & Kimko, D. (2002). Schooling, labor Force quality and the growth of nations. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1184–1208.
  • Jayawardena, K. (1986). Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World. London: Zed Press.
  • Koç, I., Eryurt, M. A., Adali, T., & Seçkiner, P. (2010). Türkiye’nin demografik dönüsümü: dogurganlik, aile planlamasi, anne-cocuk sagligi ve bes yas alti ölümlerdeki degisimler: 1968–2008. Ankara: Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies.
  • Kruger, A. B. & Lindahl, M. (2002). Education for growth: Why and for whom. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(4), 1101–1136.
  • MoNE. (2002). Education from the foundation of the republic until today. Retrieved May 15, 2010 from: http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/apk2002ing/TableOfContents.htm
  • MoNE. (2010). National Education Statistics Formal Education 2009–2010. Ankara: Ministry of National Education.
  • Moghadam, V. (1993). Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Oxaal, Z. (1997). Education and poverty: A gender analysis report (Report No. 53). Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
  • Ozsoy, C. (2010). Turkiye’de egitim ve iktisadi buyume arasindaki iliskinin var modeli ile analizi. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yonetimi, 5(1), 71–83.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: A global update. Elsevier, 22(9), 1325–1343.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. & Patrinos, H. A. (2002). Returns to investment in education: A further update. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 288.
  • Romer, D. (2006). Advanced Macroeconomics. (Third Edition). New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Sari, R. & Soytas, U. (2006). Income and education in Turkey: A multivariate analysis. Education Economics, 14(2), 181–196.
  • Smits, J., & Gunduz-Hosgor, A. (2006). Effects of family background characteristics on educational participation in Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 26(5), 545–560.
  • Squalli, J. (2007). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Bounds and causality analyses of OPEC members, Energy Economics, 29, 1192–1205.
  • Tansel, A. & Gungor, A. D. (2003). Provincial inequalities in school enrollments in Turkey. Economic Research Forum WorkingPaper. Retrieved March 20, 2010 from http://ssrn.com/abstract=266168 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.266168
  • Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inferences in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250.
  • Turkmen, F. (2002). Egitimin ekonomik ve sosyal faydalari ve Turkiye’de egitim ekonomik buyume iliskisinin arastirilmasi. DPT, no. 2655.
  • Wigley, S. & Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A. (2008). Basic education and capability development in Turkey. In A.M. Nohl, A. Akkoyunlu-Wigley, and S. Wigley (Eds.), Education in Turkey. New York/ Münster: Waxmann Publishing.
  • Yaylalar, M. & Lebe, F. (2011). Beseri sermaye ile ekonomik buyume arasindaki iliskinin ampirik analizi. Marmara University I.I.B.F. Dergisi, 20(1), 23–51.
  • YOK (2011). List of Universities in Turkey. Retrieved October 10, 2011. http://www.yok.gov.tr/content/view/527/222/lang,tr/

Year 2012, Volume: 7 Issue: 1 - Volume 7, Issue 1, 2012, 24 - 38, 19.05.2016

Sedat Gumus Selim Kayhan

Abstract

References

  • Acemoglu, D. & Angrist, J. D. (1999). How large are human capital externalities? Evidence from compulsory schooling laws. NBER Working Paper, no. 7444.
  • Ay, A. & Yardimci, P. (2008). Turkiye’de beseri sermaye birikimine dayali ak tipi icsel ekonomik buyumenin var modeli ile analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 155, 39–54.
  • Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2000). International data on educational attainment updates and implications, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass., USA.
  • Barro, R.J. & Sala-i-Martin,X. (1995). Technological diffusion, convergence, and the growth, NBER Working Papers, no. 5151.
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49.
  • Blundell, R., Dearden, L., Meghir, C., & Sianesi, B. (1999). Human capital investment: the returns from education and training to the individual, the firm and the economy. Fiscal Studies, 20(1), 1–23.
  • Erdogan, S. & Yildirim, D. C. (2009). Turkiye’de egitim – iktisadi buyume iliskisi uzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yonetimi, 4(2), 11–22.
  • Gedik, A., Sahin, N., & Suer, S. (2000). The importance of the socio-demographic indicators in the regional disparities in Turkey 1990–1994. International Journal of Environment Creation, 3(2), 89–102.
  • De la Fuenta, A. & Domenech, R. (2002). “Human capital in growth regressions: How much difference does data quality make?” CEPR Discussion Papers, no. 2466, London: Centre for Economic Policy.
  • Duman, A. (2008). Education and income inequality in Turkey: Does schooling matter? Financial Theory and Practice, 32(3), 369–385.
  • Ertugrul, A. & Selcuk, F. (Forthcoming). A brief account of the Turkish economy: 1980– 2000. Russian and East European Finance and Trade.
  • Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica, 64, 813–836.
  • Hanushek, E. A. (2002) Publicly Provided Education. In A. J. Auerbach & M. Feldstein (Eds.), Handbook of Public Economics (pp. 2045–2141). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Hanushek, E. A. & Kimko, D. (2002). Schooling, labor Force quality and the growth of nations. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1184–1208.
  • Jayawardena, K. (1986). Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World. London: Zed Press.
  • Koç, I., Eryurt, M. A., Adali, T., & Seçkiner, P. (2010). Türkiye’nin demografik dönüsümü: dogurganlik, aile planlamasi, anne-cocuk sagligi ve bes yas alti ölümlerdeki degisimler: 1968–2008. Ankara: Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies.
  • Kruger, A. B. & Lindahl, M. (2002). Education for growth: Why and for whom. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(4), 1101–1136.
  • MoNE. (2002). Education from the foundation of the republic until today. Retrieved May 15, 2010 from: http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/apk2002ing/TableOfContents.htm
  • MoNE. (2010). National Education Statistics Formal Education 2009–2010. Ankara: Ministry of National Education.
  • Moghadam, V. (1993). Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Oxaal, Z. (1997). Education and poverty: A gender analysis report (Report No. 53). Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
  • Ozsoy, C. (2010). Turkiye’de egitim ve iktisadi buyume arasindaki iliskinin var modeli ile analizi. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yonetimi, 5(1), 71–83.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: A global update. Elsevier, 22(9), 1325–1343.
  • Psacharopoulos, G. & Patrinos, H. A. (2002). Returns to investment in education: A further update. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 288.
  • Romer, D. (2006). Advanced Macroeconomics. (Third Edition). New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Sari, R. & Soytas, U. (2006). Income and education in Turkey: A multivariate analysis. Education Economics, 14(2), 181–196.
  • Smits, J., & Gunduz-Hosgor, A. (2006). Effects of family background characteristics on educational participation in Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 26(5), 545–560.
  • Squalli, J. (2007). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Bounds and causality analyses of OPEC members, Energy Economics, 29, 1192–1205.
  • Tansel, A. & Gungor, A. D. (2003). Provincial inequalities in school enrollments in Turkey. Economic Research Forum WorkingPaper. Retrieved March 20, 2010 from http://ssrn.com/abstract=266168 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.266168
  • Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inferences in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250.
  • Turkmen, F. (2002). Egitimin ekonomik ve sosyal faydalari ve Turkiye’de egitim ekonomik buyume iliskisinin arastirilmasi. DPT, no. 2655.
  • Wigley, S. & Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A. (2008). Basic education and capability development in Turkey. In A.M. Nohl, A. Akkoyunlu-Wigley, and S. Wigley (Eds.), Education in Turkey. New York/ Münster: Waxmann Publishing.
  • Yaylalar, M. & Lebe, F. (2011). Beseri sermaye ile ekonomik buyume arasindaki iliskinin ampirik analizi. Marmara University I.I.B.F. Dergisi, 20(1), 23–51.
  • YOK (2011). List of Universities in Turkey. Retrieved October 10, 2011. http://www.yok.gov.tr/content/view/527/222/lang,tr/
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA22KP98VC
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sedat Gumus This is me

Selim Kayhan This is me

Publication Date May 19, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 - Volume 7, Issue 1, 2012

Cite

APA Gumus, S., & Kayhan, S. (2016). The Relationship between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey. Educational Policy Analysis And Strategic Research, 7(1), 24-38.
AMA Gumus S, Kayhan S. The Relationship between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey. Educational Policy Analysis And Strategic Research. May 2016;7(1):24-38.
Chicago Gumus, Sedat, and Selim Kayhan. “The Relationship Between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey”. Educational Policy Analysis And Strategic Research 7, no. 1 (May 2016): 24-38.
EndNote Gumus S, Kayhan S (May 1, 2016) The Relationship between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey. Educational Policy Analysis And Strategic Research 7 1 24–38.
IEEE S. Gumus and S. Kayhan, “The Relationship between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey”, Educational Policy Analysis And Strategic Research, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 24–38, 2016.
ISNAD Gumus, Sedat - Kayhan, Selim. “The Relationship Between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey”. Educational Policy Analysis And Strategic Research 7/1 (May 2016), 24-38.
JAMA Gumus S, Kayhan S. The Relationship between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey. Educational Policy Analysis And Strategic Research. 2016;7:24–38.
MLA Gumus, Sedat and Selim Kayhan. “The Relationship Between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey”. Educational Policy Analysis And Strategic Research, vol. 7, no. 1, 2016, pp. 24-38.
Vancouver Gumus S, Kayhan S. The Relationship between Economic Growth and School Enrollment Rates: Time Series Evidence from Turkey. Educational Policy Analysis And Strategic Research. 2016;7(1):24-38.