The Effects of Urbanization, Life Expectation at Birth and Commercialization on Income Inequality: A Research on the Community of the Independent States and Some Baltic Countries

Abstract

One of the important results of economic development is the development of trade and the increase in welfare. A reflection of the increase in welfare is the prolongation of human life and the increase in urbanization. Through these indicators, societies are expected to develop economically and socially. In this study, as a reflection of welfare, the effect of commercialization, average life expectancy and urbanization on income inequality in the Commonwealth of Independent States countries and some Baltic countries that gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union after 1991 were investigated. In the study, trade openness and the share of countries in world trade representing commercialization, urbanization representing the increase in welfare, and disposable Gini coefficient and market Gini coefficient representing income inequality examined. For the estimations, four models were created and different results were obtained for each model. In the analysis process, descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, multicollinearity, cross-section dependence, heteroscadasticity, autocorrelation tests were applied. Depending on the test results, the Driscoll-Kraay test was applied and the results were estimated. According to the results, it can be said that while commercialization has a positive effect on income inequality, urbanization has a negative effect on income inequality.

Keywords

• Economic Development
• Income Inequality
• Commonwealth of Independent States
• Panel Data Analysis

Şehirleşme, Doğumda Yaşam Beklentisi ve Ticarileşmenin Gelir Eşitsizliği Üzerine Etkileri: Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu ve Bazı Baltık Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Abstract

Ekonomik gelişmenin önemli sonuçlarından biri ticaretin gelişmesi ve refah artışıdır. Refah artışının bir yansıması da insan ömrünün uzaması ve şehirleşmenin artmasıdır. Bu göstergelerin aracılığıyla toplumların ekonomik ve sosyal anlamda gelişmeleri beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada 1991 sonrası Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasıyla bağımsızlığına kavuşan Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu ülkeleriyle birlikte bazı Baltık ülkelerinde refahın bir yansıması olarak ticarileşme, ortalama yaşam süresi ve şehirleşmenin gelir adaletsizliği üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, ticarileşmeyi temsil eden ticari açıklık ve ülkelerin dünya ticaretindeki payı, refah artışını temsil eden kentleşme ve gelir eşitsizliğini temsil eden vergi öncesi gelire bağlı Gini katsayısı ve vergi sonrası gelire bağlı Gini katsayısı incelenmiştir. Tahminler için dört farklı model oluşturulmuş ve her bir model için farklı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Analiz sürecinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, korelasyon matrisi, çoklu doğrusal bağlantı, yatay kesit bağımlılığı, heteroskadastisite, otokorelasyon testleri yapılmıştır. Test sonuçlarına bağlı olarak Driscoll-Kraay testi uygulanmış ve sonuçlar tahmin edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, ticarileşmenin gelir eşitsizliğini artırıcı bir etkiye sahip olduğu, şehirleşmenin ise gelir eşitsizliğini azaltıcı bir etkiye sahip olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

• Ekonomik Kalkınma
• Gelir Adaletsizliği
• Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu
• Panel Veri Analizi

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