Carbon Pricing for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction: Carbon Tax or Emission Trading?

Abstract

It is considered that greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere since the industrial revolution have harmed social welfare by creating negative externalities and led to climate change, one of the biggest market failures caused by humanity. Government involvement in reducing emissions can be achieved through carbon pricing, which increases the cost of emissions and encourages low-carbon alternatives. Carbon tax or emissions trading can be used to implement carbon pricing. Both tools raise the cost of carbon-containing fossil fuels, forcing producers and consumers to shift to a low-carbon economic system. However, the implementation of these tools may produce different outcomes in practice. This research aims to comprehensively analyze carbon tax and emission trading system applications and compare their consequences. It also compares carbon pricing mechanisms to other emission-reduction tools. The outcomes may vary depending on the design of the economic instrument, market conditions, and the country's economic structure

Keywords

• Carbon Pricing
• Emission Trading System
• Carbon Tax
• Market-Based Instruments
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Sera Gazı Emisyonu Azaltımı için Karbonun Fiyatlanması: Karbon Vergisi mi Emisyon Ticareti mi?

Abstract

Sanayi devriminden bu zamana atmosfere salınan sera gazı emisyonlarının, negatif dışsallık yaratarak toplumsal refaha zarar verdiği ve en büyük piyasa başarısızlıklarından biri olan iklim değişikliğine yol açtığı görülmektedir. Çeşitli ekonomik araçlar kullanılarak kamu müdahalesi sayesinde emisyonlar azaltılabilir. Karbon emisyonunu maliyetli kılarak dışsal maliyetlerin içselleştirilmesini sağlayan karbon fiyatlandırılması bu araçlardan bir tanesidir. Emisyon salımını maliyetli kılan bu araç, üreticileri, tüketicileri ve hükümetleri düşük karbon içerikli alternatif arayışlara teşvik ederken, aynı zamanda enerji verimliliği ve malzeme verimliliği çabalarını da artırır. Fiyatlandırma, karbon vergisi veya emisyon ticareti ile uygulanabilir. Ancak iki uygulamanın, pratikte farklı sonuçları ortaya çıkabilir. Bu çalışmanın birinci amacı iki temel karbon fiyatlandırma aracı olan karbon vergisi ve emisyon ticaret sistemini ve bunların etkilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya koymaktır. İkinci amacı ise, emisyon azaltımında kullanılan diğer araçlarla karşılaştırılmasıdır. Geniş bir literatür taraması neticesinde elde edilen sonuçlar, uygulanan ekonomik aracın tasarımı, piyasa koşulları ve ülkenin ekonomik yapısına göre farklı sonuçların ortaya çıkabildiğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Karbon Fiyatlandırma
• Emisyon Ticaret Sistemi
• Karbon Vergisi
• Piyasa Temelli Araçlar
• Sera Gazı Emisyonları

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