BRICS Ülkeleri ve Türkiye'nin Tarımsal Performansının CRITIC Tabanlı Gri İlişkisel Analiz Yöntemi ile Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, CRITIC (Kriterler Arası Korelasyon Yoluyla Kriter Önemi) ve GRA (Gri İlişkisel Analiz) yaklaşımlarını kullanarak, BRICS ülkeleri (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin ve Güney Afrika) ve Türkiye'nin tarımsal performansını değerlendirmektir. Her ülkenin tarımsal performansını değerlendirmek için aşağıdaki kriterler uygulanmıştır: Hayvancılık Üretimi, Birincil (Ton/Nüfus), Bitkisel Üretim, Birincil (Ton/Nüfus), Gayri Safi Üretim Değeri (sabit 2014-2016 bin ABD$) (Değer/Hektar), Tarımsal Öz Yeterlilik (İhracat/İthalat) (%), Tarımsal Metan (CH4) Emisyonu (Değer/Tarımsal Arazi) milyon metrik ton karbondioksit eşdeğeri (Mt CO2e), Tarımsal İstihdam (toplam istihdamın yüzdesi olarak) ve Gübre Tüketimi (hektar başına ekilebilir arazi kilogramı), Ekilebilir Arazi (% arazi alanı). Analize 2000, 2010 ve 2022 yılları dahil edilmiştir. GRA yaklaşımına göre, Güney Afrika incelenen tüm yıllarda en kötü tarımsal performansa sahiptir. Rusya 2000 yılında en yüksek sıraya sahipken, Brezilya on yıl sonra 2010'da zirveye yükselmiş, sıralaması 2022'de değişmemiştir. Özellikle, en üst ve en alt sıradaki ülkeler 2010'dan 2022'ye değişmeden kalmıştır. Türkiye, incelenen tüm yıllarda dördüncü sırada yer almıştır.

Keywords

• Tarım
• Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Teknikleri
• BRICS Ülkeleri

Analysis of Agricultural Performance of BRICS Countries and Türkiye with CRITIC-Based Grey Relational Analysis Method

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the agricultural performance of BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and Türkiye using CRITIC (Criteria Importance through Inter-Correlation) and GRA (Grey Relational Analysis) approaches. The following criteria are applied to assess each country's agricultural performance: Livestock Production, Primary (Ton/Population), Crop Production, Primary (Ton/Population), Gross Production Value (constant 2014-2016 thousand US$) (Value/Hectare), Self-sufficiency in Agriculture (Export/Import) (%), Methane (CH4) Emission from Agriculture (Value/Agricultural Land) in million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (Mt CO2e), Employment in Agriculture (as a percentage of total employment), and Fertilizer Consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land), Arable Land (% of land area). The years 2000, 2010, and 2022 are all included in the analysis. According to the GRA approach, South Africa had the worst agricultural performance in all reviewed years. While Russia had the highest rank in 2000, Brazil rose to the top ten years later, in 2010, its rank remained unchanged in 2022. Specifically, the top and bottom-ranked nations remain unchanged from 2010 to 2022. In terms of Türkiye, it ranked fourth in all studied years.

Keywords

• Agriculture
• Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques
• BRICS Countries

References

1. Almeida, I.D.P., Hermogenes, L.R.S., Costa, I.P.A., Moreira, M.A.L., Gomes, C.F.S., Santos, M., … Gomes, I.J.A. (2022a). Assisting in the choice to fill a vacancy to compose the PROANTAR team:
2. Applying VFT and the CRITIC-GRA-3N methodology. Procedia Computer Science, 214, 478-486. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2022.11.202
3. Almeida, I.D.P., Hermogenes, L.R.S., Costa, I.P.A., Moreira, M.A.L., Gomes, C.F.S., Santos, M., … Gomes, I.J.A. (2022b). Structuring and mathematical modeling for investment choice: a multi-method approach from value-focused thinking and CRITIC-GRA-3N method. Procedia Computer Science, 214, 469-477. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2022.11.201
4. Altıntaş, F.F. (2021). Karadeniz ekonomik işbirliği örgütüne üye ülkelerin inovasyon performanslarının CRITIC tabanlı GRI ilişkisel analiz yöntemi ile incelenmesi. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 18(71), 547-570. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/karadearas
5. Atan, M. and Altan, Ş. (2020). Örnek uygulamalarla çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
6. Aydınbaş, G. (2024). Tarımsal verimlilik ile ilişkili faktörlerin tespiti: BRICS-T ülkeleri örneği. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 524–535. doi:10.30910/turkjans.1401633
7. Baki, R. (2024). Comparison of innovation performances of BRICS countries through CRITIC and GRA methods. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 23(4), 1561-1570. doi:10.21547/jss.1368192
8. Brodny, J. and Tutak, M. (2023). Assessing the level of digital maturity in the Three Seas Initiative countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 190, 122462. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122462

9. Çilek, A., and Şeyranlıoğlu, O. (2024). Temettü verimi ile karlılık oranları arasındaki ilişki: Borsa İstanbul temettü 25 endeksinde bir inceleme. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 25(1), 166-182. doi:10.37880/cumuiibf.1381845
10. Deng, J.L. (1982). Control-Problems of Grey Systems. Systems & Control Letters, 1, 288-294, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6911(82)80025-X
11. Diakoulaki, D., Mavrotas, G. and Papayannakis, L. (1995). Determining objective weights in multiple criteria problems: The CRITIC method. Computers & Operations Research, 22(7), 763–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0548(94)00059-H
12. Dinçer, S.E. (2019). Çok kriterli karar alma. Ankara: Gece Akademi.
13. FAO. (2024). Food and agriculture data. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data
14. FAOSTAT. (2024). Retrieved from http//fao.org/faostat/en/#home
15. Geeri, S., Kolakoti, A., Samuel, O.D., Abbas, M., Aigba, P.A., Ajimotokan, H.A., … Mujtaba, M.A. (2024). Investigation of flow behavior in the nozzle of a Pelton wheel: Effects and analysis of influencing parameters. Heliyon, 10(8), e28986. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28986
16. Gök Kısa, A.C. (2021). TR83 bölgesinde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının CRITIC tabanlı gri ilişkisel analiz yaklaşımı ile değerlendirilmesi. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 27, 542-548. doi:10.5505/pajes.2021.99389
17. Gürlük, S. and Uzel, G. (2016). An evaluation of agri-environmental indicators through a multi-criteria decision-making tool in Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Türkiye. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 25(4), 1523-1528. Retrieved from https://www.pjoes.com/
18. Junior, E.L.P., Morreira, M.AL., Gomes, C.F.S., Santos, M., Costa, A.P.A., Chagas, S.S.S., … Kojima, E.H. (2023). Supply Chain Management (SCM): An analysis based on the CRITIC-GRA-3N method in the selection of auto parts suppliers for an auto parts dealer in the city of Guaratinguetâ. Procedia Computer Science, 221, 402-409. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2023.07.055
19. Kargı, V. S. A. (2022). Determining digital readiness levels of the OECD countries with CRITIC-based ARAS method. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 13(2), 363-376. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1111357
20. Keleş, N. (2023). CRITIC tabanli gri ilişkisel analiz yöntemiyle OECD ülkelerinin sürdürülebilir taşimacilik performanslarinin değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 14(38), 544-563. doi:10.21076/vizyoner.1142333 (in Turkish)
21. Liu, P., Liu, C., Wang, Z., Wang, Q., Han, J. and Zhou, Y. (2023). A data-driven comprehensive battery SOH evaluation and prediction method based on improved CRITIC-GRA and Att-BiGRU. Sustainability, 15, 15084. doi:10.3390/su152015084
22. Madiyoh, A., Turan, Ö. and Gürlük, S. (2021). Agriculture policy scores of selected countries through the technique for order of preference (TOPSIS) method. Rural Sustainability Research, 45, 7-12. doi:10.2478/plua-2021-0002
23. Meza, I., Eyshi Rezaei, E., Siebert, S., Ghazaryan, G., Nouri, H., Dubovyk, O., Gerdener, … Hagenlocher, M. (2021). Drought risk for agricultural systems in South Africa: Drivers, spatial patterns, and implications for drought risk management. Science of The Total Environment, 799, 149505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149505
24. Miao, C., Teng, J., Wang, J., & Zhou, P. (2018). Population vulnerability assessment of geological disasters in China using CRITIC–GRA methods. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3598-z
25. Nguyen, T.K.L., Le, H., Ngo, V. and Hoang, B. (2020). CRITIC method and grey system theory in the study of global electric ears. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 11, 79, 1-15. doi:10.3390/wevj11040079
26. Pamučar, D. and Ćirović, G. (2015). The selection of transport and handling resources in logistics centers using multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC). Expert Systems with Applications, 42(6), 3016-3028. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2014.11.057
27. Qi, Q.S. (2021). GRA and CRITIC method for intuitionistic fuzzy multiattribute group decision making and application to development potentiality evaluation of cultural and creative garden. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 9957505. doi:10.1155/2021/9957505
28. Saeheaw, T. (2022). Application of integrated CRITIC and GRA-based Taguchi method for multiple quality characteristics optimization in laser-welded blanks, Heliyon, 8(11), e11349. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11349
29. Silva, N.F., Santos, M., Gomes, C.F.S. and Andrade, L.P. (2023). An integrated CRITIC and grey relational analysis approach for investment portfolio selection. Decision Analytics Journal, 8, 100285. doi:10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100285
30. Singh, R.K., Tiwari, S. K., Srivastava, S.C. and Kumar, B. (2023). Hybrid Taguchi-GRA-CRITIC optimization method for multi-response optimization of micro-EDM drilling process parameters. Technical Gazette, 30(3), 804-814. doi:10.17559/TV-20220601114015
31. Türkoğlu, M. and Duran, G. (2023). G20 ülkelerinin lojistik performanslarının CRITIC tabanlı GIA ve WASPAS uygulaması ile değerlendirilmesi. Hukuk ve İktisat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 50-72. doi:10.53881/hiad.1247196
32. Wang, R.T, Ho, C.T, Feng, C.M. and Yang, Y.K. (2004). A comparative analysis of the operational performance of Taiwan's major airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 10(5), 353-360. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2004.05.005
33. Wei, G., Lei, F., Lin, R., Wang, R., Wu, J. and Wei, C. (2020). Algorithms for probabilistic uncertain linguistic multiple attribute group decision making based on the GRA and CRITIC method: application to location planning of electric vehicle charging stations. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33, 828-846. doi:10.1080/1331677X.2020.1734851
34. Wen, K.L. (2004). The grey system analysis and its application in gas breakdown and var compensator finding. International Journal of Computational Cognition, 2(1), 21-44. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/
35. World Bank. (2024). [Dataset]. http://data.worldbank.org
36. Xu, T., Liu, X. and Zhang, Z. (2020). Simplified likelihood estimation of ship total loss using GRA and CRITIC methods. Transportation Planning and Technology, 43(2), 223-236. doi:10.1080/03081060.2020.1717147
37. Zardari, N.H., Ahmed, K., Shirazi, S.M. and Yusop, Z.B. (2015). Weighting methods and their effects on multi-criteria decision making model outcomes in water resources management. USA: Springer Press.
38. Zhai, L.Y., Khoo, L.P. and Zhong, Z.W. (2009). Design concept evaluation in product development using rough sets and grey relation analysis. Expert systems with Applications, 36(3), 7072-7079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.08.068
39. Zhou, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Hou, B., Mei, Y., Wu, P., … Chen, F. (2024). Advanced CRITIC–GRA–GMM model with multiple restart simulation for assuaging decision uncertainty: An application to transport safety engineering for OECD members. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 60, 102373. doi:10.1016/j.aei.2024.102373