Testing Stationarity of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Low-Income Countries: Nonlinear Unit Root Analysis

Abstract

CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions have been viewed as the main cause of climate change. An increasing number of studies investigate the stationarity and unit root properties of CO2 emissions series per capita using different techniques. In this study, the stationarity of CO2 emissions per capita in low-income countries is analyzed using structural breaks and nonlinear unit root tests. Zivot-Andrews (1992), Lumsdaine and Papell (1997), Lee and Strazicich (2003, 2004) (LM) unit root tests were applied for the period 1960-2016. Since the CO2 emissions series per capita showed nonlinearity condition, the analysis was performed by using Leybourne, Newbold and Vougas (1998) (LNV), Harvey and Mills (2002) (HM), Kapetanios, Shin and Snell (2003) (KSS), Sollis (2009), Kruse (2011), Hepsag (2019) methods. According to both Zivot-Andrews (1992), Lumsdaine and Papell (1997), Lee and Strazicich (2003, 2004) (LM) unit root tests with structural breaks and nonlinear Leybourne et al. (1998) (LNV), Harvey and Mills (2002) (HM), Kapetanios et al. (2003) (KSS), Sollis (2009), Kruse (2011), Hepsag (2019) unit root tests, mixed findings were obtained on the stationarity of CO2 emissions per capita. All findings provide environmental economic consequences for policy makers.

Keywords

• CO2 Emissions
• Low-Income Countries
• Nonlinear Unit Root Tests

Düşük Gelirli Ülkelerde Kişi Başına Karbondioksit Emisyonu Durağanlığının Test Edilmesi: Doğrusal Olmayan Birim Kök Analizi

Abstract

CO2 (karbondioksit) emisyonu, iklim değişikliğinin ana nedeni olarak görülmektedir. Artan sayıda çalışmada kişi başına düşen CO2 emisyon serilerinin durağanlığı ve birim kök özellikleri, farklı teknikler kullanılarak araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada düşük-gelirli ülkelerde kişi başına düşen CO2 emisyonunun durağanlığı yapısal kırılmalı ve doğrusal olmayan birim kök testleri ile analiz edilmiştir. 1960-2016 dönemi için yapısal kırılmalı Zivot-Andrews (1992), Lumsdaine ve Papell (1997), Lee ve Strazicich (2003, 2004) (LM) birim kök testleri uygulanmıştır. Kişi başına CO2 emisyon serisi doğrusal olmama durumu gösterdiği için, analiz Leybourne, Newbold ve Vougas (1998) (LNV), Harvey ve Mills (2002) (HM), Kapetanios, Shin ve Snell (2003) (KSS), Sollis (2009), Kruse (2011), Hepsağ (2019) yöntemleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hem yapısal kırılmalı Zivot-Andrews (1992), Lumsdaine ve Papell (1997), Lee ve Strazicich (2003, 2004) (LM) birim kök testlerine göre hem de doğrusal olmayan Leybourne vd. (1998) (LNV), Harvey ve Mills (2002) (HM), Kapetanios vd. (2003), Sollis (2009), Kruse (2011), Hepsağ (2019) birim kök testlerine göre kişi başına CO2 emisyonunun durağanlığı konusunda karma bulgular elde edilmiştir. Tüm bulgular, politika yapıcılar için çevresel ekonomik sonuçlar sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

• CO2 Emisyonu
• Düşük Gelirli Ülkeler
• Doğrusal Olmayan Birim Kök Testleri

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