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Between Neoliberalism, Motherhood and Dictatorship: Women’s Citizenship and Participation in Latin America

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 275 - 288, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.865899

Abstract

Historically and traditionally women experience rights violations more widely and this caused them to practice an indirect citizenship form. Hence, a gendered perception has emerged to understand civil, political and economic rights of women apart from the general notion of citizenship. In this paper, the notion of women’s citizenship and its reflections in Latin America will be examined together with examples from women movements, motivations and claims. Although women in different geographies passed similar paths in order to achieve equal rights, every experience has its uniqueness. What makes the Latin American example special are unique motives and environments such as dictatorship, the Church, motherhood and neoliberalism. In this paper, firstly, women’s citizenship with a gendered viewpoint is stated. Then, the Latin American women’s claims and what mobilise them on realising equal citizenship were explored along with the concepts such as motherhood, religion, military regime and neoliberal transition. Finally, women’s political participation in formal politics and civil society is indicated with a special emphasis over quotas as commonly adopted measure to increase the level of women representation in formal politics. Also, women’s movements during the military regime and neoliberal process were stated with examples of women organisations from countries in the region.

References

  • Alvarez, S. (1989). Politicizing gender and engendering democracy. In A. Stepan (Ed.), Democratizing Brazil, problems of transition and consolidation (pp. 205-251). London: Oxford University Press
  • Arjantin'de kadınlar kürtaj hakkını nasıl kazandı?. (2021). [How did the women in Argentina gain the right to Abortion]. Retrieved from https://www.indyturk.com/node/294306/dünya/arjantinde-kadınlar-kürtaj-hakkını-nasıl-kazandı
  • Çakır, S. (2019). Erkek kulübünde siyaset [Politics in Men’s Club]. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Chuchryk, P. (1994). From dictatoship to democracy: the women’s movement in Chile. In J. Jaquette (Ed.), The women’s movement in Latin America, participation and democracy (pp.65-107). Oxford: Westview Press.
  • Craske, N. (1998). Remasculinisation and the neoliberal state in Latin America. In G. Waylen and V. Randall (Eds.), Gender politics and the state (pp. 100-120). London: Routledge.
  • Craske, N. (1999). Women and politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Politiy Press.
  • Craske, N. and Molyneux M. (2002). The local, the regional and the global: transforming the politics of rights. In N. Craske and M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America (pp. 1-31). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Dagnino, E. (2006). Meanings of citizenship in Latin America [Special issue]. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 31(62), 15-51. doi:10.1080/08263663.2006.10816901
  • Domínguez Reyes, E. (2004). Introduction: on women and citizenship in Latin America and Mexico (pp. 27-41). Retrieved from https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/3298/1/haina_4_introduction.pdf
  • ECLAC. (2007). Women’s contribution to equality in Latin America and the Caribbean. United Nations. Retrieved from https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/2833
  • Franceschet, S. (2005). Women and politics in Chile. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Franceschet, S. and Macdonald, L. (2003). Hard times for citizenship: women’s movements in Chile and Mexico. Paper prepared at the 2003 Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting Dalhousie University Halifax, NS. doi:10.1080/1362102042000178382
  • Franceschet, S., Piscopo, J. and Thomas, G. (2015). Supermadres, maternal legacies and women’s political participation in contemporary Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies, 48(1), 1-32. doi:10.1017/S0022216X15000814
  • Funk, K. D., Hinojosa, M. and Piscopo, J. (2019). Women to the rescue: The gendered effects of public discontent on legislative nominations in Latin America. Party Politics, xx(x),1-13. doi:10.1177/1354068819856614
  • Global and regional averages of women. (2020). Retrieved from https://data.ipu.org/women-averages
  • Güneş Gülal, A. G. (2019). Latin Amerika’da kadının siyasal ve toplumsal hayattaki rolü [The role of women in social and political life in Latin America]. In C. Uysal Oğuz, S. Atvur and R. İzol (Eds.), 21. Yüzyılda Latin Amerika. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları
  • Harten, S. (2011). The rise of Evo Morales and the MAS. Zed Books.
  • Htun, M. N. and Jones, M. P. (2002). Engendering the right to participate in decision-making: electoral quotas and women’s leadership in Latin America. In N. Craske and M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America (pp. 32-56). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jaquette, J. S. (1994). Introduction: from transition to participation–women’s movements and democratic politics. In J. S. Jaquette (Ed.), The women’s movement in Latin America: participation and democracy (pp. 1-11). San Francisco: Boulder.
  • Jelin, E. (1998). Women, gender, and human rights. In E. Jelin and E. Hershberg (Eds.), Constructing democracy: human rights, citizenship, and society in Latin America (pp.177-197). New York: Westview Press
  • Kandiyoti, D. (1988). Bargaining with Patriarchy [Special issue]. Gender and Society, 2(3), 274-290. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com
  • Latin America's fight to legalise abortion: the key battlegrounds. (2018). Retrived from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/09/latin-america-fight-to-legalise-abortion-argentina-brazil-chile-venezuela-uruguay-colombia-el-salvador-peru
  • Lister, R. (1991). Citizenship engendered. Critical Social Policy, 11(32), 65-71. doi:10.1177/026101839101103205
  • Lister, R. (1995). Dilemmas in engendering citizenship. Economy and Society, 24(1), 35-40. doi:10.1080/03085149500000001
  • Lister, R. (2003). Citizenship: feminist perspectives. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Marshall, T. H. (1950). Citizenship and social class. Cambridge University Press
  • Mies, M. (2012). Dünya ölçeğinde ataerki ve birikim: uluslararası işbölümünde kadınlar [Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour], (Çev. Y. Temurtürkan). İstanbul: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Møllmann, M. (2005). Decisions denied, women’s access to contraceptives and abortion in Argentina. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/06/14/decisions-denied/womens-access-contraceptives-and-abortion-argentina
  • Møllmann, M. (2007). Over their dead bodies denial of access to emergency obstetric care and therapeutic abortion in Nicaragua. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/10/01/over-their-dead-bodies/denial-access-emergency-obstetric-care-and-therapeutic
  • Molyneux, M. (2001). Women’s movements in international perspective: Latin America and beyond, London: Palgrave.
  • Molyneux, M. (2006). Mothers at the service of the new poverty agenda: progresa/oportunidades, Mexico's conditional transfer programme. Social Policy & Administration, 40(4), 425-449. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2006.00497.x
  • Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments. (2021). Retrieved from https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=1&year=2021
  • Navarro, M. and Bourque, S. (1998). Fault lines of democratic governance: a gender perspective. In F. Agüero and J. Stark (Eds.), Fault lines of democracy in post-transition Latin America (pp.175-202). North-South Center Press at the University of Miami.
  • Nelson, A. A. (2002). Political bodies: gender, history, and the struggle for narrative power in recent chilean literature. Bucknell University Press.
  • Pateman, C. (1988). Sexual contract. California: Standford University Press.
  • Peschard, J. (2003). The quota system in Latin America: general overview. In IDEA, The implementation of quotas: Latin American experiences workshop report, IDEA. Retreived from https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/implementation-of-quotas-latin-american-experiences.pdf
  • Phillips, A. (2012). Demokrasinin cinsiyeti [Engenderin Democracy] (Trans. A. Türker). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Rozas, P. T. and Floru, C. (2017). Women’s political participation in Latin America: some progress and many challenges. Retrieved from https://www.idea.int/news-media/news/women%E2%80%99s-political-participation-latin-america-some-progress-and-many challenges?fbclid=IwAR0oVaNBisNdu0iEy0yRbxgyPW1zwhK3UBSt8iXltnNPcN0AH6Z-j4kciko
  • Schild, V. (1998). New subjects of rights? Women's movements and the construction of citizenship in the new democracies. In S. Alvarez, E. Dagnino, and A. Escobar (Eds.), Cultures of politics, politics of cultures: re-visioning Latin American social movements (pp. 93-117). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, A Division of Harpercollins Publishers, Inc.
  • Schild, V. (2000). Neo-liberalism's new gendered market citizens: The'civilizing'dimension of social programmes in Chile. Citizenship Studies, 4(3), 275-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/713658800
  • Squires, J. (2007). The new politics of gender equality. Macmillan International Higher Education.
  • Stephen, L. (1997). Women and social movements in Latin America, power from below. University of Texas Press.
  • The rapist is you!’: why a Chilean protest chant is being sung around the world. (2020). https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/feb/03/the-rapist-is-you-chilean-protest-song-chanted-around-the-world-un-iolador-en-tu-camino
  • The World's Abortion Laws. (2021). Retrieved from https://reproductiverights.org/worldabortionlaws
  • Waylen, G. (2000). Gender and democratic politics: A comparative analysis of consolidation in Argentina and Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies, 32(3), 765-793. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X00005939
  • Willmott, C. (2002). Constructing citizenship in the Poblaciónes of Santiago, Chile: the role of reproductive and sexual rights. In N. Craske and M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latın America (pp. 124-148). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Neoliberalizm, Annelik ve Diktatörlük Arasında: Latin Amerika'da Kadın Yurttaşlığı ve Katılım

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 275 - 288, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.865899

Abstract

Kadınların tarihsel ve geleneksel olarak deneyimlediği hak ihlalleri, onların dolaylı bir yurttaşlık yaşamasına sebep olmuştur. Bu nedenle, kadınların sivil, politik ve ekonomik haklarını inceleyen, genel yurttaşlık olgusundan ayrı bir alan olan “kadın yurttaşlığı” kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu yazıda kadın vatandaşlığı kavramı ve Latin Amerika'daki yansımaları kadın hareketlerinden ve eşit yurttaşlık taleplerinden örneklerle birlikte incelenecektir.
Farklı coğrafyalardaki kadınlar, aynı eşit hakları elde etmek için benzer yollardan geçmiş olsalar da, her deneyimin kendine özgü yanları vardır. Latin Amerika örneğini özel kılan, kadınların eşit vatandaşlık haklarını kazanma yolundaki hareketlerini şekillendiren diktatörlük, kilise, annelik ve neoliberal politikalar gibi benzersiz motifler ve ortamlardır. Bu yazıda ilk olarak kadın yurttaşlığının genel yurttaşlık bakış açısından farklılaşması bir giriş olarak belirtilmiştir. Daha sonra Latin Amerika’da kadınların eşit yurttaşlık talepleri ve onları harekete geçiren etkenler araştırılmış ve bunlar annelik, Kilise, askeri rejim ve neoliberal geçiş gibi kavramlar çerçevesinde bir anlatıyla belirtilmiştir. Son olarak, kadınların siyasete ve sivil topluma katılımı, resmi siyasette kadın temsil düzeyini artırmak için yaygın olarak benimsenen bir önlem olarak kotalara özel bir vurgu yapılarak anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca askeri rejim ve neoliberal süreçte kadın hareketleri bölge ülkelerinden örneklerle dile getirilmiştir.

References

  • Alvarez, S. (1989). Politicizing gender and engendering democracy. In A. Stepan (Ed.), Democratizing Brazil, problems of transition and consolidation (pp. 205-251). London: Oxford University Press
  • Arjantin'de kadınlar kürtaj hakkını nasıl kazandı?. (2021). [How did the women in Argentina gain the right to Abortion]. Retrieved from https://www.indyturk.com/node/294306/dünya/arjantinde-kadınlar-kürtaj-hakkını-nasıl-kazandı
  • Çakır, S. (2019). Erkek kulübünde siyaset [Politics in Men’s Club]. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Chuchryk, P. (1994). From dictatoship to democracy: the women’s movement in Chile. In J. Jaquette (Ed.), The women’s movement in Latin America, participation and democracy (pp.65-107). Oxford: Westview Press.
  • Craske, N. (1998). Remasculinisation and the neoliberal state in Latin America. In G. Waylen and V. Randall (Eds.), Gender politics and the state (pp. 100-120). London: Routledge.
  • Craske, N. (1999). Women and politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Politiy Press.
  • Craske, N. and Molyneux M. (2002). The local, the regional and the global: transforming the politics of rights. In N. Craske and M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America (pp. 1-31). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Dagnino, E. (2006). Meanings of citizenship in Latin America [Special issue]. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 31(62), 15-51. doi:10.1080/08263663.2006.10816901
  • Domínguez Reyes, E. (2004). Introduction: on women and citizenship in Latin America and Mexico (pp. 27-41). Retrieved from https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/3298/1/haina_4_introduction.pdf
  • ECLAC. (2007). Women’s contribution to equality in Latin America and the Caribbean. United Nations. Retrieved from https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/2833
  • Franceschet, S. (2005). Women and politics in Chile. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Franceschet, S. and Macdonald, L. (2003). Hard times for citizenship: women’s movements in Chile and Mexico. Paper prepared at the 2003 Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting Dalhousie University Halifax, NS. doi:10.1080/1362102042000178382
  • Franceschet, S., Piscopo, J. and Thomas, G. (2015). Supermadres, maternal legacies and women’s political participation in contemporary Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies, 48(1), 1-32. doi:10.1017/S0022216X15000814
  • Funk, K. D., Hinojosa, M. and Piscopo, J. (2019). Women to the rescue: The gendered effects of public discontent on legislative nominations in Latin America. Party Politics, xx(x),1-13. doi:10.1177/1354068819856614
  • Global and regional averages of women. (2020). Retrieved from https://data.ipu.org/women-averages
  • Güneş Gülal, A. G. (2019). Latin Amerika’da kadının siyasal ve toplumsal hayattaki rolü [The role of women in social and political life in Latin America]. In C. Uysal Oğuz, S. Atvur and R. İzol (Eds.), 21. Yüzyılda Latin Amerika. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları
  • Harten, S. (2011). The rise of Evo Morales and the MAS. Zed Books.
  • Htun, M. N. and Jones, M. P. (2002). Engendering the right to participate in decision-making: electoral quotas and women’s leadership in Latin America. In N. Craske and M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America (pp. 32-56). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jaquette, J. S. (1994). Introduction: from transition to participation–women’s movements and democratic politics. In J. S. Jaquette (Ed.), The women’s movement in Latin America: participation and democracy (pp. 1-11). San Francisco: Boulder.
  • Jelin, E. (1998). Women, gender, and human rights. In E. Jelin and E. Hershberg (Eds.), Constructing democracy: human rights, citizenship, and society in Latin America (pp.177-197). New York: Westview Press
  • Kandiyoti, D. (1988). Bargaining with Patriarchy [Special issue]. Gender and Society, 2(3), 274-290. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com
  • Latin America's fight to legalise abortion: the key battlegrounds. (2018). Retrived from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/09/latin-america-fight-to-legalise-abortion-argentina-brazil-chile-venezuela-uruguay-colombia-el-salvador-peru
  • Lister, R. (1991). Citizenship engendered. Critical Social Policy, 11(32), 65-71. doi:10.1177/026101839101103205
  • Lister, R. (1995). Dilemmas in engendering citizenship. Economy and Society, 24(1), 35-40. doi:10.1080/03085149500000001
  • Lister, R. (2003). Citizenship: feminist perspectives. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Marshall, T. H. (1950). Citizenship and social class. Cambridge University Press
  • Mies, M. (2012). Dünya ölçeğinde ataerki ve birikim: uluslararası işbölümünde kadınlar [Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour], (Çev. Y. Temurtürkan). İstanbul: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Møllmann, M. (2005). Decisions denied, women’s access to contraceptives and abortion in Argentina. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/06/14/decisions-denied/womens-access-contraceptives-and-abortion-argentina
  • Møllmann, M. (2007). Over their dead bodies denial of access to emergency obstetric care and therapeutic abortion in Nicaragua. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/10/01/over-their-dead-bodies/denial-access-emergency-obstetric-care-and-therapeutic
  • Molyneux, M. (2001). Women’s movements in international perspective: Latin America and beyond, London: Palgrave.
  • Molyneux, M. (2006). Mothers at the service of the new poverty agenda: progresa/oportunidades, Mexico's conditional transfer programme. Social Policy & Administration, 40(4), 425-449. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2006.00497.x
  • Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments. (2021). Retrieved from https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=1&year=2021
  • Navarro, M. and Bourque, S. (1998). Fault lines of democratic governance: a gender perspective. In F. Agüero and J. Stark (Eds.), Fault lines of democracy in post-transition Latin America (pp.175-202). North-South Center Press at the University of Miami.
  • Nelson, A. A. (2002). Political bodies: gender, history, and the struggle for narrative power in recent chilean literature. Bucknell University Press.
  • Pateman, C. (1988). Sexual contract. California: Standford University Press.
  • Peschard, J. (2003). The quota system in Latin America: general overview. In IDEA, The implementation of quotas: Latin American experiences workshop report, IDEA. Retreived from https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/implementation-of-quotas-latin-american-experiences.pdf
  • Phillips, A. (2012). Demokrasinin cinsiyeti [Engenderin Democracy] (Trans. A. Türker). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Rozas, P. T. and Floru, C. (2017). Women’s political participation in Latin America: some progress and many challenges. Retrieved from https://www.idea.int/news-media/news/women%E2%80%99s-political-participation-latin-america-some-progress-and-many challenges?fbclid=IwAR0oVaNBisNdu0iEy0yRbxgyPW1zwhK3UBSt8iXltnNPcN0AH6Z-j4kciko
  • Schild, V. (1998). New subjects of rights? Women's movements and the construction of citizenship in the new democracies. In S. Alvarez, E. Dagnino, and A. Escobar (Eds.), Cultures of politics, politics of cultures: re-visioning Latin American social movements (pp. 93-117). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, A Division of Harpercollins Publishers, Inc.
  • Schild, V. (2000). Neo-liberalism's new gendered market citizens: The'civilizing'dimension of social programmes in Chile. Citizenship Studies, 4(3), 275-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/713658800
  • Squires, J. (2007). The new politics of gender equality. Macmillan International Higher Education.
  • Stephen, L. (1997). Women and social movements in Latin America, power from below. University of Texas Press.
  • The rapist is you!’: why a Chilean protest chant is being sung around the world. (2020). https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/feb/03/the-rapist-is-you-chilean-protest-song-chanted-around-the-world-un-iolador-en-tu-camino
  • The World's Abortion Laws. (2021). Retrieved from https://reproductiverights.org/worldabortionlaws
  • Waylen, G. (2000). Gender and democratic politics: A comparative analysis of consolidation in Argentina and Chile. Journal of Latin American Studies, 32(3), 765-793. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X00005939
  • Willmott, C. (2002). Constructing citizenship in the Poblaciónes of Santiago, Chile: the role of reproductive and sexual rights. In N. Craske and M. Molyneux (Eds.), Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latın America (pp. 124-148). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Elif Gözler Çamur 0000-0003-2394-1447

Publication Date April 30, 2021
Acceptance Date March 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gözler Çamur, E. (2021). Between Neoliberalism, Motherhood and Dictatorship: Women’s Citizenship and Participation in Latin America. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 275-288. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.865899