The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment: A Panel Data Analysis for Selected Countries

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 202 - 233, 28.03.2025

Cemre Nur Çetin , Erol Kutlu

https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1621455

Abstract

Various artificial intelligence technologies such as robotics, machine learning, natural language processing, deep learning, and automation have developed rapidly in recent years and their use has become increasingly widespread in all areas that can affect the economy. These technologies have the capacity to optimize production processes, enhance efficiency levels, and play a decisive role in shaping trade and economic growth. Furthermore, they possess significant potential to exert notable impacts on employment and income inequality. The rise of artificial intelligence has sparked widespread debate, particularly regarding its potential impact on employment dynamics. The study analyzes the effect of artificial intelligence on employment in 29 countries from 2017 to 2021 using the System-GMM estimator. The results showed a statistically significant positive effect of artificial intelligence on employment. The analysis also considers the potential impact of labor productivity on employment in relation to artificial intelligence technologies by including an interaction term in the same model. The estimation results show that while the impact of artificial intelligence and labor productivity on employment is positive when considered individually, the interaction term diminishes this positive effect.

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Technological Change, Employment, Productivity, Panel Data

Ethical Statement

This study which does not require ethics committee approval and/or legal/specific permission complies with the research and publication ethics.

Yapay Zekânın İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkisi: Seçilmiş Ülkelere Yönelik Panel Veri Analizi

Abstract

Robotik, makine öğrenimi, doğal dil işleme, derin öğrenme ve otomasyon gibi çeşitli yapay zekâ teknolojileri son yıllarda hızla gelişmiş ve ekonomiyi etkileyebilecek tüm alanlarda kullanımları giderek yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu teknolojiler, üretim süreçlerini optimize etme, verimlilik düzeylerini yükseltme ve ticaret ile ekonomik büyüme üzerinde belirleyici bir rol oynama kapasitesine sahiptir. Bunun yanı sıra, istihdam ve gelir eşitsizliği üzerinde de kayda değer etkiler yaratabilme potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Yapay zekânın yükselişi, özellikle istihdam dinamikleri üzerindeki potansiyel etkisi konusunda yaygın tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Çalışma, yapay zekânın 2017-2021 yılları arasında 29 ülkede istihdam üzerindeki etkisini Sistem-GMM tahmincisini kullanarak analiz etmektedir. Sonuçlar, yapay zekânın istihdam üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif bir etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Analiz, aynı modele bir etkileşim terimi dahil ederek yapay zekâ teknolojileriyle ilişkili olarak işgücü verimliliğinin istihdam üzerindeki potansiyel etkisini de dikkate almaktadır. Tahmin sonuçları, yapay zekâ ve işgücü verimliliğinin ayrı ayrı ele alındığında istihdam üzerindeki etkisinin pozitif olduğunu, etkileşim teriminin ise bu pozitif etkiyi azalttığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Yapay Zekâ, Teknolojik Değişim, İstihdam, Verimlilik, Panel Veri

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