Production, Analysis, and Evaluation of Biodiesel from mixed Castor SEED oil, Bitter Almond oil, and Waste Fish Oil

Abstract

Utilization of priceless raw materials for biodiesel (BD) production is an essential target to reduce its production cost. Therefore, this work inspects the exploitation of a non-conventional feedstock, namely a mixture of non-edible oils (40% castor bean oil+ 30% bitter almond oil, and 30% waste fish oil w/w) in the production of ethylic biodiesel (EBD) and methylic/ethylic biodiesel (MEBD) through KOH-catalyzed transesterification reaction with ethanol and mixed methanol/ethanol, respectively. Effect of alcoholysis variables, such as alcohol/oil molar ratio, reaction period, reaction temperature and KOH amount, were examined. The alcoholysis outcomes revealed that the kind of implemented alcohol affected the optimum conversion of the oils mixture to BD. The maximum yield of FAMEE (96.33± 1.0 %) was attained at 0.75 wt.% KOH,6/1 alcohol/oils blend molar ratio, 45 minutes, and 55ºC reaction temperature, while the best FAEE yield (95.11 % ± 2.50%) was obtained at 1.0 %wt.KOH,7/1 ethanol/oils blend molar ratio, 65ºC, and a reaction time of 60 minutes. The fuel properties of the prepared fuels were assessed and discussed following ASTM D 6751 specifications. The results also exhibited that properties of FAMEE and FAEE were much better than those of BD from castor bean oil, suggesting their suitability as realistic alternative fuels to diesel fuel. 1H NMR and FTIR techniques affirmed the transformation of the oils blend to BD. Pseudo-first-order kinetics was obeyed on the alcoholysis of the said mixed oils.

Keywords

• Mixed non-eatable oils,Biodiesel,Fuel properties assessment,Identification of biodiesels,Kinetics

References

1. Al-dobouni, I. A., Fadhil, A. B., and Saeed, I. K. ( 2016). Optimized alkali-catalyzed transesterifcation of wild mustard(Brassica juncea L.) seed oil. Energy Sources, Part A. 38:2319–2325. Al-Tikrity,E.T.B.,Fadhil, A.B., Ibraheem, K.K.( 2017). Biodiesel production from bitter almond oil as new Feedstock. Energy Sources part a;39:649-656. non-edible oil. Al-Tikrity, E.T.B., Fadhil, A.B., Albadree, M.A.( 2016). Cyprinus carpio fish oil: A novel feedstock for biodiesel production. Energy Sources, Part A 38 (22),3367-3374. Armendáriz,J., Lapuerta, M., Zavala, F., García-Zambrano, E., Ojed, M.C. (2015). Evaluation of eleven genotypes of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) for the production of biodiesel. Industrial Crops and Products 77, 484–490 . Bindhu, C.H., Reddy, J.R.C., Rao, B.V.S.K., Ravinder, T., Chakrabarti, P.P., Karuna, M.S.I., et al. (2012).Properties and evaluation of biodiesel from Sterculia foetida seed oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 89,891–6. Birla,A., Singh,B., Upadhyay, S. N., Sharma, Y.C. (2012) . Kinetics studies of synthesis of biodiesel from waste frying oil using a heterogeneous catalyst derived from snail shell. Bioresource Technology 106 : 95–100. Berchmans,HJ., Morishita, K.;Takarada,T. (2013) . Kinetic study of hydroxide-catalyzed methanolysis of Jatropha curcas–waste food oil mixture for biodiesel production. Fuel ,104 : 46–52. Barbosa, D. da-Costa, T. Serra, S.M.P. Meneghetti, M.R. Meneghetti,( 2010). Biodiesel production by ethanolysis of mixed castor oil and soybean oil. Development of biodiesel from castor oil, Fuel 89 : 3791–3794. Borras, E., Amigo, J.M., Van den Berg, F., Boque, R., Busto, O. (2014). Fast and robust discrimination of almonds (Prunus amygdalus) with respect to their bitterness by using near infrared and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Food Chemistry 153 : 15–19. Barbosa, D.C., Serra, T.M., Plentz Meneghetti, S.M., Meneghetti, M.,R. (2010). Biodiesel production by ethanolysis of mixed castor and soybean oils. Fuel 89,3791–4 . Cortes, V., Talens, P., Barat, J. M., Lerma-García, M.J. ( 2018). Potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict amygdalin content established by HPLC in intact almonds and classification based on almond bitterness . Food Control 91 : 68-75. Damanik, N., Ong, H.C., Chong, W., Silitonga, A.,( 2017). Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum- palm mixed oil. Energy Sources, Part A. 39,1283-1289. Dias, J.M., Maria, C.M., Alvim-Ferraz,Almeida, M.,F. (2009).Production of biodiesel from acid waste lard. Bioresour Technol.100,6355–61. Fadhil, A. B., Aziz, A. M., and Altamer, M. H.( 2016). Biodiesel production from Silybum marianum L. seed oil with high FFA content using sulfonated carbon catalyst for esterification and base catalyst for transesterification. Energy Convers. Manage. 108:255–265. Fadhil, A.B., Al-Tikrity, E.T., Albadree, M.A.( 2017). Biodiesel production from mixed non-edible oils, castor seed oil and waste fish oil. Fuel 210, 721-728. Fadhil, A. B., and Ahmed, A. I. (2016). Production and evaluation of biodiesel from mixed castor oil and waste chicken oil, Energy Sour., 38(Part A), 2140–2147. Fadhil, A. B., and Ahmed, A., I. (2018). Production of mixed methyl/ethyl esters from waste fish oil through TE with mixed methanol/ethanol system. Chemical Engineering Communications 205 (9):1157–66. Fadhil, A. B., Saleh, L. A. Altamer, D. H. ( 2019). Biodiesel production from spent fish frying oil via alkali- catalyzed transesterification. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1604893. Fadhil,A.B., Mohammed, H.M. (2018). Co-solvent transesterifcartion of bitter almond oil into biodiesel: Optimization of variables and characterization of biodiesel. TRANSPORT 33(3) 686–698. Fu, J., Hue. B.T.B., Turn, S.Q. (2017) Oxidation stability of biodiesel derived from waste catfish oil. Fuel 202 -455–463. Gaurav, D., and Sharma, M. P..(2014). Prospects of biodiesel from pongamia in India. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 32,114–122. Gupta, Jharna, Agarwal, M., Dalai A.K. (2016). Optimization of biodiesel production from mixture of edible and non-edible vegetable oils . Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology8:112–120. Hadiyanto, H., Yuliandaru, I., Hapsari, R.( 2018). Production of biodiesel from mixed waste cooking and Castor oil. In: MATEC Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences. Hassen, M. S., Imededdine, A. N., Chin, P. T., and Saud, I. A.(2014). Production and characterization of biodiesel from Camelus dromedaries (Hachi) fat. Energy Convers. Manage. 78,50–57. Hincapié, G., Mondragon, Fanor, Lopez, D. (2011). Conventional and in situ TEof castor seed oil for biodiesel production Fuel 90 ,1618–1623 . Karnjanakom, S., Kongparakul, S., Chaiya, ., Reubroycharoen, P., Guan, G., Samart, C . (2016) . Biodiesel production from Hevea brasiliensis oil using SO3H-MCM-41 catalyst. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 47–55. Keera, S.T., El Sabagh, S.M., Taman, A.R.(2018). Castor oil biodiesel production and optimization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 27 : 979–984. Khan, T.M.Y., Atabani, A.E., Badruddin, I.A., Ankalgi R.F., Khan, T.K. M., Badarudin, A .( 2015). Ceiba pentandra, Nigella sativa and their blend as prospective feedstocks for biodiesel. Industrial Crops and Products 65 :367–373. Kudre, T.G., Bhaskar, N., Sakhare, P.Z. (2017) . Optimization and characterization of biodiesel production from rohu (Labeo rohita) processing waste. Renewable Energy 1131408-1418. Lamba, N., Gupta, R., Modak, J.M., Madras, G. ( 2014 ) . ZnO catalyzed TEof Madhuca indica oil inupercritical methanol . Fuel 242 (2019) 323–333. Liu, J., Cui, Q., Kang, Y., Meng, Y., Gao, M., Efferth, T., Fu, Y. Euonymus maackii Rupr. (2019).Seed oil as a new potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel. Renewable Energy 133: 261-267. Ong, H. C., Silitonga, A. S., Masjuki, H. H., Mahlia, T. M. I., Chong, W. T., and Boosroh, M. H.. (2013).Production and comparative fuel properties of biodiesel from non-edible oils: Jatropha curcas, Sterculia foetida and Ceiba pentandra . Energy Convers. Manage. 73,245–255. Ong,,H.C., Milano, J., Silitonga, A.S., Hassan, M. H.i, Shamsuddin,A., Wang, C., Mahlia,T.M.I., Siswantoro, J., Kusumo, F., Sutrisno, J. (2019). Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum- Ceiba pentandra oil mixture: Optimization and characterization. Journal of Cleaner Production 219: 183-198. Pisarello, M.L., Dall-Csta ,B.O, Veizaaga, N.S., Querini, C.,A.. (2010).Volumetric method for free and total glycerin determination in biodiesel. Ind Eng Chem Res;49, 8935–41. Reshad,A.S., Tiwari, P., Goud, V.V. (2015). Extraction of oil from rubber seeds for biodiesel application: Optimization of parameters Fuel 150, 636–644. Silitonga, A.S., Ong, H.C., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Chong, W.T.( 2014). Biodiesel conversion from high FFA crude jatropha curcas, calophyllum inophyllum and ceiba pentandra oil. Energy Procedia 61 480 –483. Silitonga, A.S., Ong, H.C., Masjuki,H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I. , Chong, W.T., Yusaf, T.F.( 2013). Production of biodiesel from Sterculia foetida and its process optimization. Fuel 111 478–484. Silitonga, A.S., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Ong, H.C., Kusumo, F., Aditiya, H.B., Ghazali, N.N.N.. Schleichera oleosa, L .(2015).oil as feedstock for biodiesel production Fuel 156 ,63–70. Saez-Bastante, J., Pinzi, S., Jiménez-Romero, F.J., M.D. de Castro, L.F. Priego-Capote, Dorado, M.P.(2015). Synthesis of biodiesel from castor oil: Silent versus sonicated methylation and energy studies, Energy Convers. Manage. 96 : 561–567. Syazwani, O.N. , Teo, S.H. , Islam, A. , Taufig-Yap ,Y.H. .(2017). TEactivity and characterization of natural CaO derived from waste venus clam (Tapes belcheri S.) material for enhancement of biodiesel production, Process Saf. Environ. Protect. 105: 303-315. Ullah, Z, Bustam, M.A., Man, Z., A., Khan, S., Muhammad, N. Sarwono, A. (2017). Preparation and kinetics study of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using new functionalized ionic liquids as catalysts, Renew. Energy 114 :755-765. Verma, D., Raj, J., Pal, A., Jain, M. (2016) . A critical review on production of biodiesel from various feedstocks, J. Sci. Innov. Res. 5 (2) 51-58. Vanessa, F. de Almeida,A. Pedro J. García-Moreno Antonio Guadix, B., Emilia M. Guadix.(2015) .Biodiesel production from mixtures of waste fish oil, palm oil and waste frying oil: Optimization of fuel properties. Fuel Processing Technology 133 152–160.