Development of Protein-Rich Fish Feed by Using Gammarus sp. and Chitosan

Abstract

Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic animals and plants under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. Aquaculture meets most of the world's fish needs. Due to the high nutritional value of fish and meeting the nutritional needs, interest in aquaculture has increased. In aquaculture, the most spending is made on fish feed. By reducing this cost, an increase in fish production can be achieved and incentives for fish farming can be supported. The main protein source used in fish farming is fish meal. However, it has been getting harder to supply fishmeal recently and its price is increasing rapidly. It is of great importance to investigate high nutritional and protein-rich sources in fish feed. The target with quality and balanced feed is to ensure that the fish reach the market weight as soon as possible. In this study, Gammarus and chitosan were used as feed additives. The effect of gammarus, which is rich in protein, on growth and development performance of rainbow trout juveniles was investigated by using it as a feed additive together with commercial feed. It was aimed to achieve this goal by coating with non-toxic, biocompatible chitosan in order to ensure that the feed composition has a high nutritional value, sufficient and balanced, as well as providing resistance against diseases. As a result, it was determined that the coating of fish feeds with Gammarus and chitosan have a growth-supporting effect and, together with this, they provide resistance against diseases in fish. In this regard, we believe that our work has the potential to bring innovation to the fish feed industry.

Keywords

• Gammarus
• chitosan
• fish feed

References

1. A., Abo-Taleb, H., F Zeina, A., Ashour, M., M Mabrouk, M., E Sallam, A., & MM El-feky, M. (2020). Isolation and cultivation of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus, 1758), with an evaluation of its chemical and nutritional content. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 24(2), 69-82.
2. Bostock, J. (2011). The application of science and technology development in shaping current and future aquaculture production systems. Journal of Aqricultural Science, 149, 133-141.
3. Chhabra, P. (2004). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia.
4. Domszy, J. G., & Roberts, G. A. (1985). Evaluation of infrared spectroscopic techniques for analysing chitosan. Die Makromolekulare Chemie: Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 186(8), 1671-1677.
5. Forrow, D. M., & Maltby, L. (2000). Toward a mechanistic understanding of contaminant‐induced changes in detritus processing in streams: Direct and indirect effects on detritivore feeding. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 19(8), 2100-2106.
6. Harlıoğlu, M. and Farhadi, A. (2018): Importance of Gammarus in aquaculture. Aquac. Int., 26: 1327–1338. J. P. Jikakis (Ed.) (1984), Chitin, Chitosan and Related Enzymes, Academic, Orlando, FL, pp. XVII–XVIV.
7. Kabak, T., (2009). Gökkuşağı alabalık (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’larının spesifik olmayan immün sistemi üzerine bazı geofit bitki ekstraktlarının etkilerinin incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliği Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
8. Koçer, İ. (2015). Farklı yöntemlerle kitosan eldesi ve karakterizasyonu. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimler Enstitüsü Kimya Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi.

9. Korkut, A. Y., Hoşsu, B., Gültepe, N., (2002). Balıklarda Beslenmeye Bağlı Hastalıklar. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences. 19, 555–564.
10. MacNeil, C., Dick, J. T., Bigsby, E., Elwood, R. W., Montgomery, W. I., Gibbins, C. N., & Kelly, D. W. (2002). The validity of the Gammarus: Asellus ratio as an index of organic pollution: abiotic and biotic influences. Water Research, 36(1), 75-84.
11. No, H. K., Meyers, S. P., & Lee, K. S. (1989). Isolation and characterization of chitin from crawfish shell waste. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 37(3), 575-579.
12. Rinderhagen, M., Ritterhoff, J., & Zauke, G. P. (2000). Crustaceans as bioindicators. In Biomonitoring of Polluted Water-Reviews on Actual Topics. Trans Tech Publications-Scitech Publications, Environmental Research Forum, 9,161-194.
13. Ruiz, G. A. M., & Corrales, H. F. Z. (2017). Chitosan, Chitosan Derivatives and their Biomedical Applications, Biological Activities and Application of Marine Polysaccharides, Emad A. Shalaby, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/66527.
14. Serdar, O. (2019). The effect of dimethoate pesticide on some biochemical biomarkers in Gammarus pulex. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 1–10.
15. Tsai, G. J., Tsai, M. T., Lee, J. M. ve Zhong, M. Z. (2006). Effects of Chitosan and a Low-Molecular-Weight Chitosan on Bacillus Cereus and Application in the Preservation of Cooked Rice. J. Food Protect. 69, pp. 2168-2175.