The Effect of Mobbing on Organizational Dissent and Whistleblowing

Abstract

In human interactions, conflict is prevalent. Reporting workplace abuse and ending abuse in the workplace can increase success. However, research has shown that the consequences of whistleblowing can lead to serious economic, social, psychological and professional suffering for the individual involved. The way whistleblowing is handled determines whether the environment is supportive or destructive. In many countries around the world it has become clear that whistleblowing can be an important strategy for halting workplace problems. Employees who report inappropriate behavior are expected to be protected from retaliation and bullying in the workplace. People are capable of violent attacks even in the absence of physical contact. It is sometimes possible to see specific people being targeted within organizations, sometimes in open or closed areas. Here it has been observed that victims of assault often have a significant impact on their health and general well-being. The suppression of morally upright employees and employees with valuable ideas are other problems facing society. Mobbing, retaliation against whistleblowers and suppression of dissent are a few concepts that can help us understand these interactions. For this purpose, the study aims to understand the impact of mobbing on organizational dissent and whistleblowing.

Keywords

• Mobbing
• , Bulling
• Organizational Dissent
• Whistleblowing

Mobbingin Örgütsel Muhalefete ve Bilgi Uçurmaya Etkisi

Abstract

İnsan etkileşimlerinde çatışma yaygındır. İş yerindeki suiistimallerin raporlanması ve suiistimallere son verilmesi başarıyı artırabilir. Ancak araştırmalar, ihbarda bulunmanın sonuçlarının, söz konusu kişi açısından ciddi ekonomik, sosyal, psikolojik ve mesleki acılara yol açabileceğini göstermiştir. İhbarın ele alınma yolları, çevrenin destekleyici mi yoksa yıkıcı mı olduğunu belirler. Dünya çapında birçok ülkede ihbarcılığın işyeri problemlerini durdurmada önemli bir strateji olabileceği açıkça ortaya çıkmıştır. Uygunsuz davranışları bildiren çalışanların işyerinde misilleme ve zorbalığa karşı korunması beklenir. İnsanlar fiziksel temas olmasa bile şiddetli saldırılar gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Bazen kuruluşlar içinde, bazen de açık veya kapalı alanlarda belirli kişilerin hedeflendiğini görmek mümkündür. Burda saldırı mağdurları sıklıkla, sağlıkları ve genel refahları üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ahlaki açıdan dürüst çalışanların ve değerli fikirlere sahip olan çalışanların bastırılması da toplumun karşı karşıya olduğu diğer sorunlardır. Mobbing, ihbarcılara karşı misilleme ve muhaliflerin bastırılması bu etkileşimleri anlamamıza yardımcı olabilecek birkaç kavramdır. Bu amaçla, çalışma mobbingin örgütsel muhalefet ve bilgi uçurma üzerindeki etkisini belirlemeyi hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

• Mobing
• , Zorbalık
• , Örgütsel Muhalefet
• , Bilgi Uçurma

References

1. Alvesson, M., Blom, M., ve Sveningsson, S. (2016). Reflexive leadership: Organising in an imperfect world. Sage.
2. Arı, F.(2018). Yönetişim Yaklaşımı ve Yönetişimin Türkiye’deki Yansımaları Bağlamında Yasal Düzenlemelerin İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Akademik Birikim Dergisi, 1(1), ss.01-13
3. Bartlett, J. E., ve Bartlett, M. E. (2011). Workplace bullying: An integrative literature review. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(1), 69-84.
4. Bechtoldt, M. N., ve Schmitt, K. D. (2010). It's not my fault, it's theirs: Explanatory style of bullying targets with unipolar depression and its susceptibility to short‐term therapeutical modification. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(2), 395-417.
5. Bjorkelo, B. (2013). Workplace bullying after whistleblowing: Future research and implications. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(3), 306-323.
6. Bjorkelo, B., Ryberg, W., Matthiesen, S. B., ve Einarsen, S. (2008). When you talk and talk and nobody listens”: A mixed method case study of whistleblowing and its consequences. International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 13(2), 18-40.
7. Brotheridge, C. M., ve Lee, R. T. (2010). Restless and confused: Emotional responses to workplace bullying in men and women. Career Development International, 15(7), 687-707.
8. Catlaw, T. J., Rawlings, K. C., ve Callen, J. C. (2014). The courage to listen: Government, truth-telling, and care of the self. Administrative Theory and Praxis, 36(2), 197-218.

9. Cortina, L. M., ve Magley, V. J. (2003). Raising voice, risking retaliation: Events following interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace. Journal of occupational health psychology, 8(4), 247.
10. Croucher, S. M., Braziunaite, R., Homsey, D., Pillai, G., Saxena, J., Saldanha, A., ... ve Agarwal, K. (2009). Organizational dissent and argumentativeness: A comparative analysis between American and Indian organizations. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 38(3), 175-191.
11. Croucher, S. M., Parrott, K., Zeng, C., ve Gomez, O. (2014). A cross-cultural analysis of organizational dissent and workplace freedom in five European economies. Communication Studies, 65(3), 298-313.
12. Deniz, D.(2012). MOBBİNG (İşyerinde Yıldırma ) İnsanda Saldırganlığı Açıklayan Kurumlar ve Vaka Örnekleriyle… , İstanbul, Fam yayınları, s.48-49.
13. D'Cruz, P., ve Bjørkelo, B. (2016). Sociocultural dynamics in whistleblowing: insights from India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 8(2), 143-162.
14. Erdem, T. (2014). Mobbing ve Mobbing ile Mücadele Yöntemleri. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 28(4), 622-628. Erkoç, B. (2022). Sosyal Hizmet Perspektifinden Mobbing. Ombudsman Akademik, 8(15), 155-181.
15. Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., ve Cooper, C. (2020). The concept of bullying and harassment at work. Bullying and harassment in the workplace developments in theory, research, and practice, 3-39.
16. Flynn, K. (2006). Covert disclosures: Unauthorized leaking, public officials and the public sphere. Journalism Studies, 7(2), 256-273.
17. Foucault, M. (2001). Fearless speech, ed. Joseph Pearson. Los Angeles: Semiotext (e), 169.
18. Foucault, M. (2011). The courage of truth: The government of self and others. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
19. Foucault, M., Davidson, A. I., ve Burchell, G. (2010). The government of self and others: Lectures at the Collège de France 1982–1983. Springer.
20. Folkers, A. (2016). Daring the truth: Foucault, parrhesia and the genealogy of critique. Theory, Culture and Society, 33(1), 3-28.
21. Freestone, L., Bolsin, S. N., Colson, M., Patrick, A., ve Creati, B. (2006). Voluntary incident reporting by anaesthetic trainees in an Australian hospital. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 18(6), 452-457.
22. Garner, J. T. (2009). When things go wrong at work: An exploration of organizational dissent messages. Communication Studies, 60(2), 197-218.
23. Garrick, J., ve Buck, M. (2022). Mobbing. In The Psychosocial Impacts of Whistleblower Retaliation: Shattering Employee Resilience and the Workplace Promise (pp. 53-63). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
24. Goldman, Z. W., ve Myers, S. A. (2015). The relationship between organizational assimilation and employees’ upward, lateral, and displaced dissent. Communication Reports, 28(1), 24-35.
25. Güven, M., & Aslan, M. (2020). Bilgi Teknolojilerinin Çalışanların Performansına ve Motivasyonuna Etkisi: TRB1 Bölgesindeki KOBİ’lerde Bir Uygulama. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 35-54. Jackson, D., Peters, K., Andrew, S., Edenborough, M., Halcomb, E., Luck, L., ... ve Wilkes, L. (2010). Trial and retribution: A qualitative study of whistleblowing and workplace relationships in nursing. Contemporary nurse, 36(1-2), 34-44.
26. Karakaş, S. A. ve Okanlı, A. (2013). Hemşirelik Ve Mobbing. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(4), 562-576.
27. Karfakis, N., ve Kokkinidis, G. (2011). Rethinking cynicism: Parrhesiastic practices in contemporary workplaces. Culture and Organization, 17(4), 329-345.
28. Kassing, J. W. (2000). Exploring the relationship between workplace freedom of speech, organizational identification, and employee dissent. Communication Research Reports, 17(4), 387-396.
29. Kassing, J. W. (2002). Speaking up: Identifying employees’ upward dissent strategies. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(2), 187-209.
30. Kassing, J. W. (2006). Employees' expressions of upward dissent as a function of current and past work experiences. Communication Reports, 19(2), 79-88.
31. Kassing, J. W., Piemonte, N. M., Goman, C. C., ve Mitchell, C. A. (2012). Dissent expression as an indicator of work engagement and intention to leave. The Journal of Business Communication (1973), 49(3), 237-253.
32. Kassing, J. W., ve Armstrong, T. A. (2002). Someone’s going to hear about this: Examining the association between dissent-triggering events and employees’ dissent expression. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(1), 39-65.
33. Kassing, J. W., ve McDowell, Z. J. (2008). Disagreeing about what's fair: Exploring the relationship between perceptions of justice and employee dissent. Communication research reports, 25(1), 34-43.
34. Kassing, J. W., ve Avtgis, T. A. (2001). Dissension in the organization as it relates to control expectancies. Communication Research Reports, 18(2), 118-127.
35. Kerfoot, K. (2008). Bossing or serving? How leaders execute effectively. Medsurg nursing: official journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses, 17(2), 133-134.
36. Kim, T. Y., Hon, A. H., ve Crant, J. M. (2009). Proactive personality, employee creativity, and newcomer outcomes: A longitudinal study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24, 93-103.
37. Kirby, E. G., Kirby, S. L., ve Lewis, M. A. (2002). A Study of the Effectiveness of Training Proactive Thinking 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(7), 1538-1549.
38. Lewis, D. (2004). Bullying at work: The impact of shame among university and college lecturers. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 32(3), 281-299.
39. Martin, B., ve Pena, F. (2012a). Mobbing and suppression: Footprints of their relationships. Social Medicine, 6(4), 217-226.
40. Martin, B., ve Pena, F. (2012b). Mobbing, suppression of dissent/discontent, whistleblowing, and social medicine.
41. Matthiesen, S. B., Bjørkelo, B., Burke, R., Clarke, S., ve Cooper, C. (2011). Workplace bullying-A toxic part of organizational life. Occupational health and safety, 161-177.
42. McDonald, S., ve Ahern, K. (2002). Physical and emotional effects of whistle blowing. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 40(1), 14-27.
43. McKay, R. B. (2014). Confronting workplace bullying: Agency and structure in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Administration and Society, 46(5), 548-572.
44. Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., ve Dworkin, T. M. (2008). Whistle-blowing in organizations. New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
45. Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., ve Dworkin, T. M. (2009). A word to the wise: How managers and policy-makers can encourage employees to report wrongdoing. Journal of business ethics, 86, 379-396.
46. Near, J. P., ve Miceli, M. P. (2011). Integrating models of whistle-blowing and wrongdoing. Rebels in groups: Dissent, deviance, difference and defiance, 302-323.
47. Niedhammer, I., David, S., Degioanni, S., Drummond, A., Philip, P., and 143 Occupational Physicians. (2009). Workplace bullying and sleep disturbances: findings from a large scale cross-sectional survey in the French working population. Sleep, 32(9), 1211-1219.
48. Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., ve Einarsen, S. (2008). Sense of coherence as a protective mechanism among targets of workplace bullying. Journal of occupational health psychology, 13(2), 128.
49. Nolfe, G., Petrella, C., Zontini, G., Uttieri, S., ve Nolfe, G. (2010). Association between bullying at work and mental disorders: gender differences in the Italian people. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 45, 1037-1041.
50. Richardson, B. K., Wheeless, L. R., ve Cunningham, C. (2008). Tattling on the teacher: A study of factors influencing peer reporting of teachers who violate standardized testing protocol. Communication Studies, 59(3), 202-219.
51. Rüzgar, N. (2023). Mobbing Perceptions of Academic Staff. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 20(51), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1191308
52. Skivenes, M., ve Trygstad, S. C. (2010). When whistle-blowing works: The Norwegian case. Human Relations, 63(7), 1071-1097.
53. Tepper, B. J., Carr, J. C., Breaux, D. M., Geider, S., Hu, C., ve Hua, W. (2009). Abusive supervision, intentions to quit, and employees’ workplace deviance: A power/dependence analysis. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 109(2), 156-167.
54. Therese, S., ve Martin, B. (2010). Shame, scientist! Degradation rituals in science. Prometheus, 28(2), 97-110. Tsahuridu, E. E., ve Vandekerckhove, W. (2008). Organisational whistleblowing policies: Making employees responsible or liable?. Journal of Business Ethics, 82, 107-118.
55. Vartia, M. A. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to the well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian journal of work, environment and health, 63-69.
56. Vega, G., ve Comer, D. R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break your bones, but words can break your spirit: Bullying in the workplace. Journal of business ethics, 58, 101-109.
57. Weiskopf, R., ve Tobias-Miersch, Y. (2016). Whistleblowing, parrhesia and the contestation of truth in the workplace. Organization Studies, 37(11), 1621-1640.
58. Weiskopf, R., ve Willmott, H. (2013). Ethics as critical practice: The “Pentagon Papers”, deciding responsibly, truth-telling, and the unsettling of organizational morality. Organization studies, 34(4), 469-493.
59. Yamada, D. (2002). Workplace bullying and the law: towards a transnational consensus? D AV ID YA MADA: Towards a transnational consensus?. In Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace (pp. 417-429). CRC Press.
60. Yaman,E.,(2009). Yönetim Psikolojisi Açısından İşyerinde Psikoşiddet-Mobbing-, Ankara, Nobel, s.21-22.
61. Yaman, E. (2015). Mobbing and Stress. International Journal Of Progressive Education, 11(2), 6-13.
62. Yaşaroğlu C. ve Çakan, M (2018) “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Değer Eğilimleri İle Politik Katılım Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”, Researcher, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 21–32.
63. Zapf, D. (2007). IV Mobbing und Whistleblowing in Organisationen. Zivilcourage trainieren!: Theorie und Praxis, 59. Zeng, C. (2018). Exploring organizational dissent in a global setting. Jyväskylä studies in humanities, (343).