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EVALUATION OF TURKEY-MIDDLE EAST RELATIONS ON THE AXIS OF TURKEY-ISRAEL TRADE RELATIONS: EXPORT-IMPORT CONVERSION ANALYSIS

Year 2023, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 339 - 352, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1260260

Abstract

Although Turkey’s foreign trade with Israel and other Middle Eastern countries is in the shadow of its fluctuating political relations, it has shown remarkable developments especially in the last two decades. The political, economic and military nature of the Middle East region, which is open to foreign interventions, has led to tensions and crises in the relations of the countries of the region, especially since the 2000s, and this situation has put Turkish foreign trade under pressure. Turkey’s political crisis environment with Israel, Egypt, Syria and the United Arab Emirates has entered a period of softening in recent years, with the steps taken to compensate for the losses. In this study, the effect of the said process on Turkey's commercial relations with the Middle East countries is discussed in terms of the development of Turkey-Israel foreign trade volume. In this framework, it has been investigated whether there is a convergence in foreign trade between 1989-2021 in selected Middle Eastern countries (Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Egypt, Jordan and Turkey). According to the results obtained, it has been determined that the foreign trade of selected Middle Eastern countries, including Turkey, converges to Israel, and the foreign trade of selected Middle Eastern countries, including Israel, converges to Turkey. As a result, it is seen that Turkey's commercial relations with Israel and other regional countries have prevented diplomatic crises.

References

  • Apergis, N., & Cooray, A. (2016). Old wine in a new bottle: Trade openness and FDI flows are the emerging economies converging?. Contemporary Economic Policy, 34(2), 336- 351.
  • Ben-David, D. (1993). Equalizing exchange: Trade liberalization and income convergence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 653-679.
  • Ben-David, D. (1996). Trade and convergence among countries. Journal of International Economics, 40, 279- 298.
  • Ben-David, D., & Kimhi, A. (2000). Trade and the rate for income convergence. Centre For Economic Policy Research, Centre For Economic Policy Research, 2390.
  • Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its application to model specification in econometric. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-254.
  • Capdepuy, V. (2008). Proche ou moyen-orient? Géohistoire de la notion de middle east, 37, 225-238.
  • Choi, C. (2009). Does bilateral trade lead to income convergence?, Panel Evidence. Journal of Economic Development, 34(1), 71-79.
  • D’andurain, A. (2008). L’Orient, une fiction compliquée. Les Mots de la Diplomatie. Les Carnets du CAP, 195-197.
  • Dumont, G. F. (2009). Les parameres géopolitiques du Moyen-Orient (Middle East: geopolitical parameters). La géostratégie des crises au Grand Moyen-Orient, 47-70.
  • Fevret, M. (1952). Essaie de delimitation du Proche et du Moyen-Orient. Revue de géographie de Lyon, 24(2), 193-196.
  • Kurt, V. (2021). Türkiye Mısır ilişkileri neden gerildi? Neden yumuşuyor? Kriter, 6(57). https://kriterdergi.com/dis- politika/turkiye-misir-iliskileri-neden-gerildi-neden-yumusuyor
  • Lacoste Y. (2007). L’éditorial: au Moyen-Orient, des conflits qui s’aggravent en n’évoluant guère. Hérodote, 124, 3-13.
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. (1995). Economic reform and the process of global integration. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 26(1), 1-118.
  • Said, E. (1980). L’Orientalisme, éditions du Seuil. Sciences humaines. Divers
  • Essais, Date de parution 14/04/2015https://unctadstat.unctad.org/CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/fr- FR/760/index.html,
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı Uluslararası anlaşmalar ve Avrupa Birliği Genel Müdürlüğü. (2022). İsrail ülke profili, s. 16. https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5efb250013b876a618413637/%C4%B0SRA%C4%B0L%20%C3%BClke%20profili%202022 %20kas%C4%B1m.pdf
  • Uçarol, R. (2010). Siyasi tarih, İstanbul. Der Yayınları.

TÜRKİYE-ORTADOĞU İLİŞKİLERİNİN TÜRKİYE-İSRAİL TİCARİ İLİŞKİLERİ EKSENİNDE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: İHRACAT-İTHALAT YAKINSAMA ANALİZİ

Year 2023, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 339 - 352, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1260260

Abstract

Türkiye’nin İsrail ve diğer Ortadoğu ülkeleriyle olan dış ticareti inişli çıkışlı siyasi ilişkilerin gölgesinde olmakla birlikte özellikle son yirmi yılda kayda değer gelişmeler göstermiştir. Ortadoğu bölgesinin siyasi, iktisadi ve askeri açıdan dış müdahalelere açık yapısı, özellikle 2000’li yıllardan itibaren bölge ülkelerinin ilişkilerinde gerilim ve krizlere yol açmış, bu durum Türk dış ticaretini baskı altına almıştır. Türkiye’nin İsrail, Mısır, Suriye, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ile yaşadığı siyasi kriz ortamı, kayıpları telafi edici adımların atılmasıyla son yıllarda yumuşama sürecine girmiştir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu sürecin, Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu ülkeleriyle olan ticari ilişkilerine etkisi Türkiye-İsrail dış ticaret hacminin gelişimi özelinde el alınmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, seçilmiş Ortadoğu ülkelerinde (İsrail, Lübnan, İran, Mısır, Ürdün ve Türkiye) 1989-2021 arası dönemde dış ticarette yakınsamanın olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Türkiye’nin de içerisinde yer aldığı seçilmiş Ortadoğu ülkelerinin dış ticaretinin İsrail’e yakınsadığı, yine İsrail’in de içerisinde yer aldığı seçilmiş Ortadoğu ülkelerinin dış ticaretinin Türkiye’ye yakınsadığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’nin İsrail ve diğer bölge ülkeleriyle olan ticari ilişkilerinin diplomatik krizlerin önüne geçtiği görülmektedir.

References

  • Apergis, N., & Cooray, A. (2016). Old wine in a new bottle: Trade openness and FDI flows are the emerging economies converging?. Contemporary Economic Policy, 34(2), 336- 351.
  • Ben-David, D. (1993). Equalizing exchange: Trade liberalization and income convergence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 653-679.
  • Ben-David, D. (1996). Trade and convergence among countries. Journal of International Economics, 40, 279- 298.
  • Ben-David, D., & Kimhi, A. (2000). Trade and the rate for income convergence. Centre For Economic Policy Research, Centre For Economic Policy Research, 2390.
  • Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its application to model specification in econometric. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-254.
  • Capdepuy, V. (2008). Proche ou moyen-orient? Géohistoire de la notion de middle east, 37, 225-238.
  • Choi, C. (2009). Does bilateral trade lead to income convergence?, Panel Evidence. Journal of Economic Development, 34(1), 71-79.
  • D’andurain, A. (2008). L’Orient, une fiction compliquée. Les Mots de la Diplomatie. Les Carnets du CAP, 195-197.
  • Dumont, G. F. (2009). Les parameres géopolitiques du Moyen-Orient (Middle East: geopolitical parameters). La géostratégie des crises au Grand Moyen-Orient, 47-70.
  • Fevret, M. (1952). Essaie de delimitation du Proche et du Moyen-Orient. Revue de géographie de Lyon, 24(2), 193-196.
  • Kurt, V. (2021). Türkiye Mısır ilişkileri neden gerildi? Neden yumuşuyor? Kriter, 6(57). https://kriterdergi.com/dis- politika/turkiye-misir-iliskileri-neden-gerildi-neden-yumusuyor
  • Lacoste Y. (2007). L’éditorial: au Moyen-Orient, des conflits qui s’aggravent en n’évoluant guère. Hérodote, 124, 3-13.
  • Pesaran, H. M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. (1995). Economic reform and the process of global integration. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 26(1), 1-118.
  • Said, E. (1980). L’Orientalisme, éditions du Seuil. Sciences humaines. Divers
  • Essais, Date de parution 14/04/2015https://unctadstat.unctad.org/CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/fr- FR/760/index.html,
  • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı Uluslararası anlaşmalar ve Avrupa Birliği Genel Müdürlüğü. (2022). İsrail ülke profili, s. 16. https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5efb250013b876a618413637/%C4%B0SRA%C4%B0L%20%C3%BClke%20profili%202022 %20kas%C4%B1m.pdf
  • Uçarol, R. (2010). Siyasi tarih, İstanbul. Der Yayınları.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İlhan Güllü 0000-0003-4467-4579

Murat Beşer 0000-0002-8487-4586

Publication Date March 29, 2023
Submission Date March 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 37 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güllü, İ., & Beşer, M. (2023). TÜRKİYE-ORTADOĞU İLİŞKİLERİNİN TÜRKİYE-İSRAİL TİCARİ İLİŞKİLERİ EKSENİNDE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: İHRACAT-İTHALAT YAKINSAMA ANALİZİ. Erciyes Akademi, 37(1), 339-352. https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1260260

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