Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

POWER GAMES ON THE SILK ROUTE: A JOURNEY FROM HISTORICAL TO MODERN ERA

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 33 - 56, 30.07.2021

Abstract

The real aim of the programme is an extension of Chinese power and influence. As per an analyst, it is a game where China is steadily placing counters across Asia and Europe. In the Western views, it is easy to interpret comments as a strategy of China, with the aim of extending Chinese influence in a series of carefully planned steps. Around 114 BC by the Han dynasty, the trade routes of Central Asia were expanded largely through the missions and explorations of Chinese imperial envoy Zhang Qian. The world’s greatest economic construction and development project ever is being undertaken by China. In the economic map of the world the New Silk Road project is a revolutionary change. The geopolitical conflicts over the project could lead to a new cold war between East and West for dominance in Eurasia as it is becoming clearer every day.

References

  • Advantour.com (2021a). Turkmenistan on the Silk Road. Retrieved from http://www.advantour.com/silkroad/turkmenistan.htm. Accessed: 01.05.2021.
  • Advantour.com (2021b). Tajikistan on the Silk Road. Retrieved from https://www.advantour.com/silkroad/tajikistan.htm. Accessed: 01.05.2021.
  • Advantour.com (2021c). Kyrgyzstan and the Silk Road. Retrieved from https://www.advantour.com/silkroad/kyrgyzstan.htm. Accessed: 01.05.2021.
  • Alf, Henryk (2016). “Flowing goods, hardening borders? China’s commercial expansion into Kyrgyzstan reexamined”. Eurasian Geography and Economics 57(3): 433-456.
  • Arpacik, Cihat and Yeni Safak (2015). Turkey, Syrian Turkmen team up to form United Turkmen Army. Retrieved from http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/ turkey-syrian-turkmen-team-up-to-form-united-turkmen-army-2207584. Accessed: 05.12.2015.
  • Arzu, Turgut (2016). Greater Central Asia at the junction of New Silk Road. Institute of Social and Political Research.
  • Bai, Shouyi (1980). Outline History of China. Shanghai.
  • Baipakov, Karl M. and Dmitriy A. Voyakin (2010). “Sogdijcy srednevekovogo Kaalyka// Promyšlennost’ Kazahstana [Sogdians of medieval Kayalyk]. Almaty 3(60): 94-98.
  • Bentley, Jerry (1993). Old World Encounters Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times. Oxford University Press.
  • Berke, Robert (2015). China’s new silk road could change global economics forever. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/chinas-new-silk-roadcould-change-global-economics-forever-2015-5. Accessed: 21.05.2015.
  • Bitabarova, Assel G. (2018). “Unpacking Sino-Central Asian engagement along the New Silk Road: a case study of Kazakhstan”. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies 7(2): 149-173.
  • Boulnois, Luce (2005). Silk Road: Monks, Warriors and Merchants. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books.
  • Chen, Jian and Liang Qianying (2017). “Strategic implementation of the “New Silk Road” Between China and the U.S.”. Atlantis Press Volume: Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Education, Economics and Management Research (ICEEMR 2017).
  • China-un.ch (2021). The Belt and Road initiative progress, contributions and prospects. Retrieved from http://www.china-un.ch/eng/zywjyjh/t1675564.htm. Accessed: 08.05.2019.
  • Choganov, Kerven (2021). Turkmenistan’s strategic corridors. Retrieved from https://www.oboreurope.com/en/turkmenistan-strategic-corridors/. Accessed: 01.05.2021.
  • Chou, Mark and Octavia Bryant (2015). “Will China promote autocracy alongits New Silk Road?”. Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs.
  • Cis-legislation.com (2019). About Turkmenistan. Retrieved from https://cis-legislation. com/cis/turkmenistan/index.html.2019. Accessed: 08.05.2019.
  • Cooley, Alexander (2014). Great Games, Local Rules. Oxford University Press.
  • Czerewacz-Filipowicz, Katarzyna (2019). “The Eurasian Economic Union as an Element of the Belt and Road Initiative”. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 22(2): 23-37.
  • Dadabaev, Timur and Nigora Djalilova (2020). “Connectivity, energy, and transportation in Uzbekistan’s strategy vis-à-vis Russia, China, South Korea, and Japan”. Asia Europe Journal No. 19, pp. 105–127.
  • Europe-China.kz (2020). Western Europe-Western China Transit Corridor. Retrieved from http://europe-china.kz/en. Accessed: 28.05.2020.
  • Fedorenko, Vladimir (2013). The New Silk Road initiatives in Central Asia. Rethink Institute, Washington D.C.
  • Finn, Tom (2015). Turkey to set up Qatar military base to face ‘common enemies’. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-turkey-military- idUSKBN0TZ17V20151216. Accessed: 16.12.2015.
  • Frolovskiy, Dmitriy (2016). Amid Russian Downturn, Kyrgyzstan Turns to China. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2016/07/amidrussian-downturn-kyrgyzstan-turns-to-china/. Accessed: 01.07.2016.
  • Ghani, Abdullo R. (2021). Tajikistan and the “Economic belt” of the Great Silk Road. Retrieved from https://cabar.asia/en/. Accessed: 01.05.2021.
  • Ghiyasi, Richard and Jiayi Zhou (2017). The Silk Road economic belt: Considering security implications and EU–China cooperation prospects. SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  • Global Transmission Report (2019). Afghanistan: Embarks on growth backed by international support. Retrieved from www.globaltransmission.info/archive. php?id=36687. Accessed: 08.05.2019.
  • Greater Pacific (2015). China’s New Silk Road: Tactics, Overstretch or Grand Strategy?. Retrieved from https://www.greaterpacificcapital.com/thought-leadership/chinas-new-silk-road-tactics-overstretch-or-grand-strategy. Accessed: 29.12.2015.
  • Guluzian, Christine R. (2017). “Making Inroads: China’s New Silk Road Initiative”. Cato Journal 37(1): 135-147.
  • Hurriyetdailynews.com (2015). Turkish military to have a base in Iraq’s Mosul. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-military-to-havea- base-in-iraqs-mosul.aspx?pageID=238&nID=92113&NewsCatID=352. Accessed: 05.12.2015.
  • Ishjamts, Nyambuugiin (2021). Nomads in Eastern Central Asia, Early Mongolia. Retrieved from https://zh.unesco.org/silkroad/node/331. Accessed: 01.06.2021.
  • Jochec, Marek and Jenny J. Kyzy (2015). “China’s BRI Investments, Risks, and Opportunities in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan”. The Silk Road Economic Belt’s Impacts on Central Asia, p. 70, (Ed. Marlene Laruelle).
  • Joshi, Nirmala (Ed.) (2010). Reconnecting India and Central Asia. Emerging Security and Economic Dimensions, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Programme.
  • Khamidova, Nargiza (2017). The reincarnation of the Silk Road and the influence of transportation to economic development: The case of Central Asia and Uzbekistan. Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Business Administration International Business and Logistics.
  • Konovalov, Procopius B. (1976). Khunnu v Zabaykal’yep (Hunnu in Transbaikalia). Ulan-Ude: Buryat book publishing house
  • Linn, Johannes (2012). Central Asian regional integration and cooperation: Reality or mirage? The Economic of the Post-Soviet and Eurasian Integration, EDB Eurasian Integration Yearbook.
  • Lisbonne de Vergeron, Karine (2018). “The New Silk Road: European perceptions and perspectives”. International Studies 55(4): 339-349.
  • Lobyrev, Vitaly, Andrey Tikhomirov, Taras Tsukarev and Evgeny Vinokurov (2018). Belt and Road Transport Corridors: Barriers and Investments. Eurasian Development Bank Centre for Integration Studies’, Report No. 50, pp. 8–11.
  • Mark, Joshua J. (2014). Silk Road definition, Ancient History Encyclopaedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Silk_Road/. Accessed: 01.05.2018.
  • Mehendale, Sanjyot (1996). “Begram: Along ancient Central Asian and Indian trade routes”. Cahiers d’Asie Centrale 1(2): 47-64.
  • Mogilevskii, Roman (2019). Kyrgyzstan and the Belt and Road Initiative. University of Central Asia – Institute of Public Policy and Administration (IPPA) Working Paper No. 50.
  • Nate, Bills (2014). Powering a New Silk Road: Helping connect supply with demand in south and Central Asia. Frontlines, USAID.
  • Okladnikov, Alexei P. (1955). Neolit i bronzovyy vek Pribaykal’ya (Neolithic and Bronze Age of the Baikal region). Moscow: Leningrad
  • Peters, Michael A. (2019). “The ancient Silk Road and the birth of merchant capitalism”. Educational Philosophy and Theory.
  • Peyrouse, Sebastien (2012). “The Kazakh neopatrimonial regime: Balancing uncertainties among the ‘Family,’ oligarchs and technocrats”. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 20(4): 365.
  • Reiser, Martin and Dennis DeTray (2007). “Uzbekistan: On the Slow Lane of the New Silk Roads? In The New Silk Roads”. Washington, D.C: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, pp. 193-235.
  • Reynolds, Sam (2018). For Tajikistan, the Belt and Road Is Paved with Good Intentions. Retrieved from https://nationalinterest.org/feature/tajikistan-belt-androad-paved-good-intentions-29607. Accessed: 23.08.2018.
  • Selmier II, W. Travis (2019). Kazakhstan as logistics linchpin in the Belt and Road initiative. Project: Belt and Road Initiative and the Silk Road, Indian University.
  • Standish, Reid (2015). The United States’ Silk Road to nowhere, foreign policy. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/29/the-united-states-silkroad- to-nowhere-2/. Accessed: 05.11.2015.
  • Starr, Frederick S., Svante Cornell and Nicklas Norling (2015). The EU, Central Asia, and the development of continental transport and trade. Silk Road Paper series. The Institute for Security and Development Policy, Stockholm.
  • The Economic Times (2015). Silk Road projects could benefit India: CII official. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/ infrastructure/silk-road-projects-could-benefit-india-cii-official/articleshow/46726238.cms. Accessed: 29.05.2015
  • Turchin, Peter, Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall (2006). “East-West orientation of historical empires”. Journal of world-systems research 12 (2): 219–229.
  • U.S. Embassy in Tajikistan (2015). Secretary Kerry travels to Vienna, Bishkek, Samarkand, Astanta, Dushanbe and Ashgabat. Retrieved from https://tj.usembassy.gov/secretary-kerry-travels-vienna-bishkek-samarkand-astanta-dushanbe-ashgabat/. Accessed: 27.10.2015.
  • Umesao, Tadao and Toh Sugimara (Eds.) (1992). Significance of Silk Road in the History of Human Civilization. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
  • UNESCO (2021a). About the Silk Road. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/about-silk-roads. Accessed: 01.06.2021.
  • UNESCO (2021b). Tajikistan. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/tajikistan. Accessed: 01.06.2021.
  • Vinokurov, Evgeny (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative: A Russian Perspective. In: Harinder S. Kohli, Johannes F. Linn and Leo M. Zucker (Eds.) China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Potential Transformation of Central Asia and the South Caucasus.
  • Voyakin, Dmitriy A. and Aleksandr V. Pachkalov (2010). Monetnye nahodki nagorodische Dzhan-kala// Istoriko-kul’turnoe nasledie aralo-kaspijskogo regiona. Materialy II mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-practičeskoj konferencii [Coin findings of the settlement of Dzhan-kala// Historical and cultural heritage of Aral and Caspian regions. Materials of second international scientifi c and practical conference], pp. 55-63.
  • Wang, Helen H. (2016). China’s Triple Wins: The New Silk Road. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/helenwang/2016/01/15/chinas-triple-winsthe- new-silk-roads/?sh=2f2c5fd06f7f. Accessed: 05.12.2016.
  • Wang, Ye (2017). Full text of President Xi Jinping speech at the opening of Belt and Road Forum. Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-05/14/c_136282982.htm. Accessed: 14.05.2017.
  • Warren, Rebecca (2017). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: a Eurasian Game.
  • Defence-in-Depth, Research from the Defence Studies Department, King’s College London.
  • Weitz, Richard (2015). US New Silk Road Initiative Needs Urgent Renewal. The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, March 2015.
  • Wijeratne, David, Mark Rathbone and Frank Lyn (2017). Repaving the ancient Silk Routes. PwC Growth Markets Centre – Realising opportunities along the Belt and Road.
  • Wilder, Charly (2020). 12 days on the most storied highway of them all: The Silk Road. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/09/travel/ silk-road-uzbekistan-tajikistan-kyrgyzstan.html. Accessed: 09.03.2020.
  • Yildiz, Firat (2007). Turkmenistan. The New Silk Road: Transport and Trade in Greater Central Asia, Central Asia - Turkmenistan, Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Programme, p. 143, (Ed. Frederick Starr).
  • Zhumabayeva, Aigerim, Bauyrzhan Bozhbanbayev, Aizhan Turgenbayeva, Arman Aubakir and Kairat Zhanabayev (2018). “The role of the environment: Silk Road in the history of Turkic people”. Opción No. 85: 522-550.
  • Zimmerman, Thomas (2015). The New Silk Road: China, the U.S., and the Future of Central Asia. New York University, Centre for International Cooperation.
There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Shoaib Khan This is me 0000-0002-5558-4854

Publication Date July 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Khan, S. (2021). POWER GAMES ON THE SILK ROUTE: A JOURNEY FROM HISTORICAL TO MODERN ERA. Eurasian Research Journal, 3(2), 33-56.