TARİH, TRAVMA VE KİMLİK: ERMENİ DİASPORADA KİMLİK VE KİMLİĞİN YENİ NESİLLERE AKTARIMI

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 52, 141 - 167, 01.12.2015

Ebru Çoban Öztürk

Öz

Diaspora uluslararası konumu itibariyle hibrit/melez kimlikleresahiptir. Hem ayrıldığı ülkenin kültürel özelliklerini taşımakta hemyerleştiği ülkeye uyum sağlama amacıyla o kültürün özelliklerinibenimsemeye çalışmaktadır. Ermeni diaspora söz konusu olduğunda kimlikdaha karmaşık bir hal almaktadır. Ermeni diasporada siyasi, dini ve dileilişkin çok sayıda farklılık bulunmaktadır. Bu farklılıklara tüm diasporagruplarında görülen hibrit/ melez kimlik özellikleri de eklenince toplumsalbütünlüğü korumak zor bir hal almaktadır. Ermeni diaspora bu zorluklarıaşabilecek ve tüm farklılıkları geride bırakacak bir konu hakkında hemfikirolmuştur, bu konu 1915 olaylarıdır. 1915 olaylarının soykırım olaraktanınması isteği tüm Ermeni diaspora gruplarında ortak olarak kabul edilenve diaspora için tutkal işlevi gören bir konu haline gelmiştir. Aynı zamandafarklılıklarla örülü Ermeni kimliğinin ayrılmaz ve merkezi bir parçasıkonumundadır. Bu kimlik aile, sivil toplum kuruluşları, okullar ve kiliselertarafından yeni nesillere aktarılabilmektedir. Çalışmada tüm farklılıklararağmen bu kimliğin nasıl güçlendiği, pekiştirildiği ve nesilden nesileaktarıldığına değinilecektir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kimlik, 1915 Olayları, Travma, Diaspora, Kimliğin Aktarılması

(HISTORY, TRAUMA AND IDENTITY: IDENTITY AND IDENTITY TRANSMISSION IN THE ARMENIAN DIASPORA)

Öz

Diaspora lives with hybrid identities because of theirtransnational position. Diaspora identity encompasses homeland andhostland culture and try to reconcile the both. When Armenian diaspora isconsidered the situation becomes more complicated. Armenian diasporahave strong religious, political and linguistic differences besides hybrididentities. However, recognition of the 1915 events as genocide is the mainunifying narrative which all Armenian diaspora accept and defend thecause. The demand for the recognition of 1915 events as genocide becamethe glue that binds diaspora together and a central element of communalidentity. The Armenian identity is passed on to future generations by the wayof family narratives, schools, churches and nongovernmental organizations.In this study, the author tries to explain the core of Armenian diaspora identityand the ways of transmitting this identity to future generations despite of strong differences

Anahtar Kelimeler

Identity, 1915 Events, Trauma, Diaspora, Identity Transmission

Kaynakça

• Al Rustom, Hakem, “Diaspora Activisim and the Politics of Locality: The Armenians of France”, Ato Quayson ve Girish Daswani, (ed.), A Companion to Diaspora and Transnationalism, içinde (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2013).
• Alexander, Benjamin F., “Armenian and American: The Changing Face of Ethnic Identity and Diasporic Nationalism, 1915-1955” Ph.D. Dissertation, The City University of New York, 2005.
• Alexander, Jeffrey C., “Towards a Theory of Cultural Trauma” Jeffrey C.
• Alexander, Ron Eyerman, Bernard Giesen, Neil J. Smelser ve Piotr Sztompka, (ortak yazarlar), Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, içinde (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004).
• Amit, Vered, “Armenian and other diasporas: Trying to reconcile the irreconcilable”, Nigel Rapport, (ed.), British Subjects: An Anthropology of Britain, içinde (Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic, 2002).
• Armstrong, John, “Mobilized and Proletarian Diasporas”, American Political Science Review, Cilt 70, Sayı 2, Haziran 1976.
• Bar-Tal, Daniel, “Collective Memory of Physical Violence: Its Contribution to the Culture of Violence” Ed Cairns ve Michael D. Roe, (ed.), The Role of Memory in Ethnic Conflict, içinde (New York ve Londra: Palgrave McMillan, 2003).
• Björklund, Ulf, “ Armenia remembered and remade: Evolving issues in a diaspora”, Ethnos, Cilt 85, Sayı 3/ 4, 1993.
• Brinkerhoff, Jennifer M., Digital Diasporas: Identity and Transnational Engagement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
• Bourdieu, Pierre, “Preface”, Abdelmalek Sayad, (ed.), The Suffering of the Immigrant, Çeviren, David Macey, içinde (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004).
• Bourke, Joanna, “When Torture Becomes Humdrum” Times Higher Educational Supplement, 10 Şubat 2006.
• Butler, Kim D., “Defining Diaspora, Refining a Discourse”, Diaspora, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, Güz 2001, ss. 189–218.
• Tarih, Travma ve Kimlik:
• Ermeni Diasporada Kimlik ve Kimliğin Yeni Nesillere Aktarımı 164 Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ebru ÇOBAN ÖZTÜRK Ermeni Araştırmaları 2015, Sayı 52
• Caruth, Cathy, Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
• Chaliand, Ge´rard ve Jean-Pierre Rageau, The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas (New York: Penguin, 1997).
• Clifford, James, “Diasporas” Cultural Anthropology, Cilt 9, Sayı 3, Ağustos 1994, s. 311.
• Cohen, Robin, “ ‘Rethinking Babylon’: Iconoclastic Conceptions of the Diasporic Experience”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 21, Sayı 1, 1995, ss. 5-18.
• Cohen, Robin “Diasporas and the Nation-State: From Victims to Challengers”, International Affairs, Cilt 72, Sayı 3, 1996, ss. 507-520.
• Cohen, Robin, Global Diasporas: An Introduction (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).
• Dufoix, Stéphane, Diasporas, Çeviren, William Rodarmor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).
• Friedman, Jonathan, Cultural Identity and Global Process (London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994).
• Giddens, Anthony, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991).
• Griffin, Larry, ‘‘Narrative, Event-Structure Analysis, and Causal Interpretation in Historical Sociology’’ American Journal of Sociology, Cilt 98, Sayı 5, Mart 1993, 1094–1133.
• Hall, Stuart, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora”, Jonathan Rutherford, (ed.), Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, içinde (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1990).
• Hall, Stuart, ‘‘Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities’’ Anthony Douglas King, (ed.), Culture, Globalization and the World-System (Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 1991),ss. 41–68.
• Hansen, Marcus Lee “The Study of Man: The Third Generation in America” Commentary, November 1, 1952. https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-study-of-man-thethird-generation-in-america/, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2015).
• Ermeni Araştırmaları 165
• 2015, Sayı 52
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35305/Armenianlanguage#tab=a ctive~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Armenian%201anguage%20%20 Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedial, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.10.2015).
• International Republican Institute “Armenia National Study”, October 27 – November 3, 2007,http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2008%20January%2022%20Su rvey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20October%2027- November%203,%202007.pdf, s. 19, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2015).
• Ishkanian, Armine, “Diaspora and Global Civil Society: The Impact of Transnational Diasporic Activism on Armenia’s Post-Soviet Transition,” Touraj Atabaki ve Sanjyot Mehendale, (ed.), Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora, içinde (New York: Routledge, 2005).
• Kastoryano, Riva, ‘‘Muslim Diaspora(s) in Western Europe.’’ South Atlantic Quarterly, Cilt 98, Sayı 1, 2, Kış-Bahar 1999, s. 198.
• Libaridian, Gerard J., “The Changing Self-image of the Armenian in the Ottoman Empire: Rayahs and Revolutionaries”, Richard G. Hovannisian, (ed.), The Image of the Armenian in History and Literature, içinde (Los Angeles: Undena Press, 1981), ss. 155-170.
• Miller, Donald E. ve Lorna Touryan Miller, “Memory and Identity across the Generations: A Case Study of Armenian Survivors and Their Progeny”, Qualitative Sociology, Cilt 14, Sayı 1, 1991, ss. 13-38.
• Navarro, Sharon, “Border Narratives: The Politics of Identity and Mobilization”, Latin American Politics and Society, Cilt 45, Sayı 3, Güz 2003.
• Northrup, Terrel A., “The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict”, Louis Kriesberg, Terrell A. Northrup, Stuart J. Thorson, (ed.), Intractable Conflicts and Their Transformation, içinde (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1989), ss. 55-82.
• Orozco, Manuel, Michelle Lapointe. “Mexican Hometown Associations and Development Opportunities” Journal of International Affairs, Cilt 57, Sayı 2, Bahar 2004, 31–49.
• Tarih, Travma ve Kimlik:
• Ermeni Diasporada Kimlik ve Kimliğin Yeni Nesillere Aktarımı 166 Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ebru ÇOBAN ÖZTÜRK Ermeni Araştırmaları 2015, Sayı 52
• Ostrom, Elinor, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
• Panossian, Razmik, The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars
• (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
• Patrick Devine-Wright, “A Theoretical Overview of Memory and Conflict”, Ed Cairns ve Michael D. Roe, (ed.), The Role of Memory in Ethnic Conflict, içinde (New York ve Londra: Palgrave McMillan, 2003).
• Phillips, Jenny, Symbol, Myth, and Rhetoric: The Politics of Culture in an Armenian-American Population, Immigrant Communities and Ethnic Minorities in the United States and Canada 23 (New York: AMS Press, 1989).
• Portes, Alejandro ve Mi Zhou “The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Cilt 530, Kasım 1993, ss. 74–97.
• Rumbaut, Ruben ve Alejandro Portes, (ed.) Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
• Safran, William, “Comparing Diasporas: A Review Essay” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, Cilt. 8, Sayı 3, Kış 1999, ss. 255–291.
• Schwalgin, Susanne, “Why locality matters: Diaspora consciousness and sedentariness in the Armenian diaspora in Greece” Waltraud Kokot, Khachig Tölölyan, Carolin Alfonso, (ed.), Diaspora, Identity, and Religion: New Directions in Theory and Research, içinde (Londra ve NewYork: Routledge, 2004).
• Sheffer, Gabriel, (ed.), Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1986).
• Smith, Hazel, “Diasporas in International Conflict”, Hazel Smith ve Paul Stares, (ed), Diasporas in Conflict: Peace-Makers or Peace-Wreckers? (Hong Kong: United Nations University Press, 2007).
• Spyrou, Spyros, “Images of ‘the Other’: ‘the Turk’ in Greek Cypriot Children’s Imaginations”, Race, Ethnicity and Education, Cilt 5, Sayı 3, 2002.
• Ermeni Araştırmaları 167
• 2015, Sayı 52
• Takooshian, Harold, “Armenian Immigration to the United States from the Middle East”, Journal of Armenian Studies 3, Sayı 1-2, Kış 1986-1987, ss. 133-156.
• Tchilingirian, Hratch, Al Jazeera, “Thaw in Turkey-Armenian Relations” http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2003/12/2008410115412976273.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2015).
• Ter-Minassian, Anahide, “Les Arménien de Paris depuis 1945” A. Marès ve P. Miza (ed.), Le Paris des étrangers depuis 1945, içinde (Paris: Sorbonne 1994).
• Tölölyan, Khachig, “Rethinking Diaspora(s): Stateless Power in the Transnational Moment”, Diaspora, Cilt 5, 1996, ss. 3-36.
• Tölölyan, Khachig, “Elites and institutions in the Armenian transnation”, Diaspora, Cilt 9, Sayı 1, 2001.
• Tölölyan, Khachig, “Armenian Diaspora”, Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember, Ian Skoggard, Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World (New York: Springer, 2005).
• Vertovec, Steven, “Three Meanings of ‘Diaspora,’ Exemplified among South Asian Religions”, Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, Cilt 6, Sayı 3, Kış 1997.
• Volkan, Vamik, Blood Lines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).
• Waldinger, Roger ve Cynthia Feliciano, “Will the New Second Generation Experience ‘Downward Assimilation’? Segmented Assimilation ReAssessed”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Cilt. 27, Sayı 3, Mayıs 2004, ss. 376–402.