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YÜRÜTME KUVVETİNİN KURAMSAL TEMELLERİ

Year 2024, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 1017 - 1055, 28.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1574937

Abstract

Kuvvetler ayrılığı, kökleri ve gelişimi çok öncesine dayansa da
anayasacılığın temel ilkelerinden birisidir. Buna göre devlet kudreti
yasama, yürütme ve yargı olmak üzere üç ayrı erke bölünmelidir. Bu
şekildeki iktidar paylaşımı demokratik bir devletin garanti edici özel-
liğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ne var ki günümüzde gelinen aşamada yü-
rütme kuvvetinin söz konusu kuvvetler arasında ön plana çıktığını,
politika yapma sürecini yönetme ve hukuk yapımı da olmak üzere
demokrasinin bir gereği olarak yasama kuvvetinde tecelli etmesi ge-
reken nitelikleri bünyesine kattığını görmekteyiz. Elbette yürütmenin
bu şekildeki yetki genişlemesinde pek çok etken söz konusu edilebilir.
Ancak burada bizim araştırdığımız temel husus, yürütmenin doğası ve
anlamı bakımından bu yetki genişlemesine eğilim gösterip gösterme-
diğidir. Ulaştığımız netice ise yürütme kuvvetinin tabiatı gereği ikti-
darı elinde bulundurmaya, tek elde toplanmaya ve yetkisini genişlet-
meye olan istekliliğidir.

References

  • Abbott, Frank Frost. A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. New York ve London: Ginn and Company, 1901-1907.
  • Akhtar, Zia. “Montesquieu’s Theory of the Separation of Powers, Legislative Flexibility and Juduical Restraint in an Unwritten Constitu-tion”. Amicus Curiae. 4/3 (2023): 552-577.
  • Alvarez, Leo Paul de. The Machiavellian Enterprise. Dekalb: Nort-hern Illinois University Press, 1999.
  • Aristotle. Politics, Çeviren Carnes Lord, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  • Bagehot. The English Constitution. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 2004.
  • Blackstone, William, “Introduction, Section 2: Of the Nature of Laws in General”. içinde Commentaries on the Laws of England, Aust-ralia: The University of Adelaide South Australia, 2014.
  • Böckenförde, Markus. Constitution Building: The Design of the Executive Branch. Stockholm: International IDEA, 2014.
  • Bryce, James. Studies in History and Jurisprudence: Flexible and Rigid Constitutions C. II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1901.
  • Calabresi, Steven G. ve Kyle Bady. “Is the Separation of Powers Exportable?”. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy. 33/1 (2010): 5-16.
  • Calabresi, Steven G. Calabresi, Mark E. Berghausen ve Skylar Al-bertson. “The Rise and Fall of the Separation of Powers”. Northwes-tern University Law Review. 106/2 (2012): 527-550.
  • Carey, Sammy Carey. “The Influence of Rome’s Mixed Constitu-tion Upon the Founding Fathers”. Honor Thesis-Political Science and Classical Civilizations. March 19 (2018).
  • Charchula, Jaroslaw. “Hobbes’s Theory of State: The Sturcture and Function of State as the Key to Its Enduring”. Forum Philosophicum. 15 (2010): 191-203.
  • Cicero, Marcus Tullius, “On the Laws”. içinde On the Republic and On The Laws, ed. David Fott, Book III. Ihaca ve London: Cornell Uni-versity Press, 2014.
  • Fairlie, John A. “The Separation of Powers”. Michigan Law Re-view. 21/4 (1923): 393-436.
  • Field, Sandra. “Hobbes and the Question of Power”. Journal of the History of Philosophy. 52/1 (2014): 61-86.
  • Faulkner, Robert Faulkner, “The Price of Efficacy: Aristotle and Executive Power”. içinde Executive Power in Theory and Practice, ed. Hugh Liebert, Gary L. McDowell ve Terry L. Price, 11-30. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Goldie, Mark, “Locke and Executive Power”. içinde The Lockean Mind, ed. Jessica Gordon-Roth, Shelley Weinberg, 446-455. New York: Routledge, 2022.
  • Helms, Ludger, “Institutional Analysis”. içinde The Oxford Hand-book of Political Leadership, ed. R. A. W. Rhodes ve P. Hart, 195-209. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968.
  • Johnson, Gregory R., “The First Founding Father: Aristotle on Fre-edom and Popular Government”. içinde Liberty and Democracy, ed. Tibor R. Machan, 29-59. Hoover: Hoover Inst. Press, 2002.
  • Karako, Thomas Karako, “Understanding the Things of State”. içinde Executive Power in Theory and Practice, ed. Hugh Liebert, Gary L. McDowell ve Terry L. Price, 55-82. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Karakocalı, Ahmet. “Magistrate: The Most Important Political Body of Roman Republic”. Ankara Bar Review. 2, (2013): 67-82.
  • Laubert, Howard L.. “Sovereignty and Liberty in William Blacks-tone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England”. The Review of Politics. 72 (2010): 271-297.
  • Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge: Cambrid-ge University Press, 2000.
  • Lucchese, Filippo Del. “Machiavelli and Constituent Power: The Revolutionary Foundation of Modern Political Thought”. European Journal of Political Theory. 16/1, (2014): 1-21. Machiavelli, Nicolo. The Prince, Çeviren Leo Paul de Alvarez, IL: Waveland Press, 1989.
  • Machiavelli, Nicolo. Discours on Livy, Çeviren Harvey C. Mansfield ve Nathan Tarcov, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  • Mansfield, Harvey C. Taming the Prince. London ve New York: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1989.
  • March, James G. ve Johan P. Olsen. “The New Institutionalism: Or-ganizational Factors in Political Life”. The American Political Science Review. 78, (1984): 734-749.
  • Marshall, William P.. “Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands and Why It Matters”. Boston University Law Re-view. 88 (2008): 505-552.
  • Mathur, A. B.. “Machiavellian Theory of the State”. The Indian Jo-urnal of Political Science. 52/3 (1991): 418-423.
  • Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand ve Michelangelo Vercesi, “Executive Power”. içinde Handbook of Political Science, ed. D. Berg-Schlosser, B. Badie ve L. Morlino, 760-775. London: SAGE, 2020.
  • Neustadt, R.. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: Free Press, 1990.
  • Özkol, Adil. “Çağdaş Parlamenter Demokrasilerde Kuvvetli İcra Eğilimi”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 26/1 (1969): 43-76.
  • Papageorgiou, Charalambos Ioannou. “Aristotle and Democracy”. Phd Thesis, University College University of London, 1991.
  • Polybius. The Histories, Çeviren Robin Waterfield, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Posner, Eric A. “The Constitutipon of the Roman Republic: A Poli-tical Economy Perspective”. University of Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 327. (2010): 1-35.
  • Prakash, Saikrishna. “The Essential Meaning of Executive Power”. University of Illinois Law Review. 2003 (2003): 701-820
  • Rahe, Paul A. Rahe, “Hobbes, Niccolo Machiavelli, and the Execu-tive Power”. içinde Executive Power in Theory and Practice, ed. Hugh Liebert, Gary L. McDowell and Terry L. Price, 83-94. New York: Palg-rave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Read, James H.. “Thomas Hobbes: Power in the State of Nature, Power in Civil Society”. Polity. 23/4 (1991): 505-525.
  • Reinstein, Robert J.. “The Limits of Executive Powers”. American University Law Review. 59/2 (2009): 259-337.
  • Robinson, Edward Van Dyke. “The Division of Governmental Power in Ancient Greece”. Political Science Quarterly. 18/4 (1903): 614-630.
  • Sartori, Giovanni. “Will Democracy Kill Democracy? Decision-Making by Majorities and by Committees”. Government and Opposi-tion. 10/2 (1975): 131-158.
  • Schmidt, Vivien. “Taking Ideas and Discoruse Seriously: Explai-ning Change through Discursive Institutionalism as the Fourth ‘New Institutionalism’”. European Political Science Review. 2 (2010): 1-25.
  • Sousa, Andre L. C. Sousa. “Book Review”. Journal of Ancient Philo-sophy. 11/2 (2016): 158-172.
  • Uhr, John. “Executive-Legislative Relations: Learning from Loc-ke”. Canadian Parliamentary Review. Spring (1987): 9-11.
  • Uzzell, Lynn, “Locke’s Latent Sovereign”. içinde Executive Power in Theory and Practice, ed. Hugh Liebert, Gary L. McDowell and Terry L. Price, 95-112. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Valentina Arena, “Roman Republic of Jean-Jacques Rousseau”, (Erişim Tarihi 1.01.2024), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79558576.pdf.
  • Vile, M. J. C.. Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
  • Zabunoğlu, Yahya. “Thomas Hobbes Hayatı, Eserleri ve Hukuki Fikirleri”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 14/1 (1957): 219-240.

Theoretical Foundations of The Executive Branch

Year 2024, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 1017 - 1055, 28.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1574937

Abstract

How can we make sense of executive power, which is now the
ubiquitous form of political governing ability? Of course, this may
vary depending on the form of the political system (parliamentary
system, semi-presidential system, presidential system, etc.). There are
many studies carried out in this direction in the doctrine. However,
here we will look at what we have with executive power, how it
works and whether it works. Indeed, in this context, it can be said that
the phenomenon of political executive requires more study effort
from a political scientist or lawyer since it is the universal acceptance
of the political. Today, when we observe the rise of the executive
power, at least in its modern political form, it is important to reveal
the structural conditions and functioning of the executive power. So
how should we understand the relevance of executive power to mo
dern developments? What is executive power, what is it generally
expected to do, and what is its connection to modern governments? In
this regard, it is emphasized that executive power should be univer
sally accepted as a modern necessity. Therefore, a modern doctrine
needs to be developed here. Because no modern state can be conside
red standing unless it is equipped with a strong executive body; Any
state that does not have this government is thought to be inviting di
saster, and is viewed with pity and contempt by the more fortunate.
The real executive power actually begins with Aristotle. From this it is
understood that executive power is a prehistoric reality. However, the
creation of the executive power does not represent a definite prog
ress in state power and administrative functioning. Because political
thought before the invention of executive power did not reveal a pri
mitive or thoughtless understanding, and subsequent views do not
show clear progress. In this respect, it is said that the executive power
covers and conceals the issues it deals with. In our opinion, the impli
cit problem here is; It is the resistance that man develops against pure
power by discovering modern law. Indeed, the insistence of the
executive power, which is a modern compass, in charting one's path, breaks this resistance. In a result, separation of powers is one of the
fundamental principles of constitutionalism, although its roots and
development date back to ancient times. Accordingly, state power
should be divided into three separate powers: legislative, executive
and judicial. This form of power sharing reveals the guaranteeing
feature of a democratic state. However, at the current stage, we see
that the executive power has come to the fore among the said powers
and has incorporated the qualities that should be manifested in the
legislative power as a requirement of democracy, including managing
the policy-making process and law making. Of course, many factors
may be involved in this expansion of the executive's authority.
However, the main issue we are investigating here is whether the
executive is inclined to this expansion of authority in terms of its na
ture and meaning. The conclusion we have reached is that the execu
tive power is inherently willing to hold power, concentrate it in one
hand, and expand its authority.

References

  • Abbott, Frank Frost. A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. New York ve London: Ginn and Company, 1901-1907.
  • Akhtar, Zia. “Montesquieu’s Theory of the Separation of Powers, Legislative Flexibility and Juduical Restraint in an Unwritten Constitu-tion”. Amicus Curiae. 4/3 (2023): 552-577.
  • Alvarez, Leo Paul de. The Machiavellian Enterprise. Dekalb: Nort-hern Illinois University Press, 1999.
  • Aristotle. Politics, Çeviren Carnes Lord, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  • Bagehot. The English Constitution. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 2004.
  • Blackstone, William, “Introduction, Section 2: Of the Nature of Laws in General”. içinde Commentaries on the Laws of England, Aust-ralia: The University of Adelaide South Australia, 2014.
  • Böckenförde, Markus. Constitution Building: The Design of the Executive Branch. Stockholm: International IDEA, 2014.
  • Bryce, James. Studies in History and Jurisprudence: Flexible and Rigid Constitutions C. II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1901.
  • Calabresi, Steven G. ve Kyle Bady. “Is the Separation of Powers Exportable?”. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy. 33/1 (2010): 5-16.
  • Calabresi, Steven G. Calabresi, Mark E. Berghausen ve Skylar Al-bertson. “The Rise and Fall of the Separation of Powers”. Northwes-tern University Law Review. 106/2 (2012): 527-550.
  • Carey, Sammy Carey. “The Influence of Rome’s Mixed Constitu-tion Upon the Founding Fathers”. Honor Thesis-Political Science and Classical Civilizations. March 19 (2018).
  • Charchula, Jaroslaw. “Hobbes’s Theory of State: The Sturcture and Function of State as the Key to Its Enduring”. Forum Philosophicum. 15 (2010): 191-203.
  • Cicero, Marcus Tullius, “On the Laws”. içinde On the Republic and On The Laws, ed. David Fott, Book III. Ihaca ve London: Cornell Uni-versity Press, 2014.
  • Fairlie, John A. “The Separation of Powers”. Michigan Law Re-view. 21/4 (1923): 393-436.
  • Field, Sandra. “Hobbes and the Question of Power”. Journal of the History of Philosophy. 52/1 (2014): 61-86.
  • Faulkner, Robert Faulkner, “The Price of Efficacy: Aristotle and Executive Power”. içinde Executive Power in Theory and Practice, ed. Hugh Liebert, Gary L. McDowell ve Terry L. Price, 11-30. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Goldie, Mark, “Locke and Executive Power”. içinde The Lockean Mind, ed. Jessica Gordon-Roth, Shelley Weinberg, 446-455. New York: Routledge, 2022.
  • Helms, Ludger, “Institutional Analysis”. içinde The Oxford Hand-book of Political Leadership, ed. R. A. W. Rhodes ve P. Hart, 195-209. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968.
  • Johnson, Gregory R., “The First Founding Father: Aristotle on Fre-edom and Popular Government”. içinde Liberty and Democracy, ed. Tibor R. Machan, 29-59. Hoover: Hoover Inst. Press, 2002.
  • Karako, Thomas Karako, “Understanding the Things of State”. içinde Executive Power in Theory and Practice, ed. Hugh Liebert, Gary L. McDowell ve Terry L. Price, 55-82. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Karakocalı, Ahmet. “Magistrate: The Most Important Political Body of Roman Republic”. Ankara Bar Review. 2, (2013): 67-82.
  • Laubert, Howard L.. “Sovereignty and Liberty in William Blacks-tone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England”. The Review of Politics. 72 (2010): 271-297.
  • Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge: Cambrid-ge University Press, 2000.
  • Lucchese, Filippo Del. “Machiavelli and Constituent Power: The Revolutionary Foundation of Modern Political Thought”. European Journal of Political Theory. 16/1, (2014): 1-21. Machiavelli, Nicolo. The Prince, Çeviren Leo Paul de Alvarez, IL: Waveland Press, 1989.
  • Machiavelli, Nicolo. Discours on Livy, Çeviren Harvey C. Mansfield ve Nathan Tarcov, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  • Mansfield, Harvey C. Taming the Prince. London ve New York: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1989.
  • March, James G. ve Johan P. Olsen. “The New Institutionalism: Or-ganizational Factors in Political Life”. The American Political Science Review. 78, (1984): 734-749.
  • Marshall, William P.. “Eleven Reasons Why Presidential Power Inevitably Expands and Why It Matters”. Boston University Law Re-view. 88 (2008): 505-552.
  • Mathur, A. B.. “Machiavellian Theory of the State”. The Indian Jo-urnal of Political Science. 52/3 (1991): 418-423.
  • Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand ve Michelangelo Vercesi, “Executive Power”. içinde Handbook of Political Science, ed. D. Berg-Schlosser, B. Badie ve L. Morlino, 760-775. London: SAGE, 2020.
  • Neustadt, R.. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: Free Press, 1990.
  • Özkol, Adil. “Çağdaş Parlamenter Demokrasilerde Kuvvetli İcra Eğilimi”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 26/1 (1969): 43-76.
  • Papageorgiou, Charalambos Ioannou. “Aristotle and Democracy”. Phd Thesis, University College University of London, 1991.
  • Polybius. The Histories, Çeviren Robin Waterfield, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Posner, Eric A. “The Constitutipon of the Roman Republic: A Poli-tical Economy Perspective”. University of Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 327. (2010): 1-35.
  • Prakash, Saikrishna. “The Essential Meaning of Executive Power”. University of Illinois Law Review. 2003 (2003): 701-820
  • Rahe, Paul A. Rahe, “Hobbes, Niccolo Machiavelli, and the Execu-tive Power”. içinde Executive Power in Theory and Practice, ed. Hugh Liebert, Gary L. McDowell and Terry L. Price, 83-94. New York: Palg-rave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Read, James H.. “Thomas Hobbes: Power in the State of Nature, Power in Civil Society”. Polity. 23/4 (1991): 505-525.
  • Reinstein, Robert J.. “The Limits of Executive Powers”. American University Law Review. 59/2 (2009): 259-337.
  • Robinson, Edward Van Dyke. “The Division of Governmental Power in Ancient Greece”. Political Science Quarterly. 18/4 (1903): 614-630.
  • Sartori, Giovanni. “Will Democracy Kill Democracy? Decision-Making by Majorities and by Committees”. Government and Opposi-tion. 10/2 (1975): 131-158.
  • Schmidt, Vivien. “Taking Ideas and Discoruse Seriously: Explai-ning Change through Discursive Institutionalism as the Fourth ‘New Institutionalism’”. European Political Science Review. 2 (2010): 1-25.
  • Sousa, Andre L. C. Sousa. “Book Review”. Journal of Ancient Philo-sophy. 11/2 (2016): 158-172.
  • Uhr, John. “Executive-Legislative Relations: Learning from Loc-ke”. Canadian Parliamentary Review. Spring (1987): 9-11.
  • Uzzell, Lynn, “Locke’s Latent Sovereign”. içinde Executive Power in Theory and Practice, ed. Hugh Liebert, Gary L. McDowell and Terry L. Price, 95-112. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Valentina Arena, “Roman Republic of Jean-Jacques Rousseau”, (Erişim Tarihi 1.01.2024), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79558576.pdf.
  • Vile, M. J. C.. Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
  • Zabunoğlu, Yahya. “Thomas Hobbes Hayatı, Eserleri ve Hukuki Fikirleri”. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 14/1 (1957): 219-240.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Constitutional Law
Journal Section Kamu Hukuku
Authors

Semih Kaya 0000-0001-5888-1750

Publication Date October 28, 2024
Submission Date January 7, 2024
Acceptance Date June 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Kaya, Semih. “YÜRÜTME KUVVETİNİN KURAMSAL TEMELLERİ”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 19, no. 2 (October 2024): 1017-55. https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1574937.

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