Spectator effect on penalty kicks used at different league levels

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 28 - 38, 05.07.2024

Mehmet Besler

Abstract

The aim of this research is to examine the effect of spectators on penalty kicks used at different league levels. The research data belongs to the competitions played at the Super League and 1st League level in Turkey. Penalty kicks used in competitions played without spectators in the 2020-2021 season due to COVID-19 and penalty kicks used in competitions with spectators in the 2018-2019 season, where the normal flow in the leagues continued, were examined. Penalty kicks; Categorized as season (with/no audience), league level (Super League/1st League), team (home/away), score situation (win/draw/lose), penalty result (goal/no goal). Frequency tables and chi-square test were used in data analysis. According to the results obtained; It has been determined that the teams competing in the 1st League are not affected by the attendance as home or away teams, while in the Super League, the home team's penalty kick results are negatively affected by the audience that mainly supports their own team. In addition, it has been determined that the teams in the 1st League are not affected by the attendance in terms of the score of the match (win, draw, loss) before the penalty kick is used, and in the Super League, penalty kicks used in the event of a draw are missed significantly more in matches with spectators than in matches without spectators. It is thought that the differences between the 1st League and the Super League may be due to the possibility of teams competing in the upper category feeling more pressure from the audience due to the league level. For this reason, it is recommended that psychological preparation for high expectation and pressure environments be considered as a factor that will positively affect performance.

Keywords

Football, penalty kick, spectator, social pressure

Farklı lig seviyelerinde kullanılan penaltı vuruşlarında seyirci etkisi

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, seyircilerin farklı lig seviyelerinde kullanılan penaltı vuruşlarına etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma verileri Türkiye’deki Süper Lig ve 1. Lig seviyesinde oynanan müsabakalara aittir. 2020-2021 sezonunda Covid-19 nedeni ile seyircisiz oynanan müsabakalarda kullanılan penaltı vuruşları ve 2018-2019 sezonunda liglerdeki olağan akışın devam ettiği seyircili müsabakalarda kullanılan penaltı vuruşları incelenmiştir. Penaltı vuruşları; sezon (seyirci var/seyirci yok), lig seviyesi (Süper Lig/1.Lig), takım (ev sahibi/deplasman), skor durumu (galibiyet/beraberlik/mağlubiyet durumunda), penaltı sonucu (gol/gol değil) olarak kategorize edilmiştir. Veri analizleri için betimsel ve ki-kare testleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; 1. Ligde mücadele eden takımların ev sahibi ya da deplasman takımı olarak seyirci durumundan etkilenmediği, Süper Lig’de ise ev sahibi takım penaltı vuruşu sonuçlarının ağırlıklı olarak kendi takımını destekleyen seyirci kitlesinden olumsuz yönde etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca 1. Lig’deki takımların penaltı atışı kullanılmadan önceki maçın skoru (galip, beraberlik, mağlubiyet) açısından seyirci durumundan etkilenmediği, Süper Lig’de ise beraberlik durumunda kullanılan penaltı vuruşlarının seyircili müsabakalarda seyircisiz müsabakalara göre anlamlı düzeyde daha çok kaçırıldığı tespit edilmiştir. 1. Lig ile Süper Lig arasında ortaya çıkan farkların, lig seviyesi nedeniyle bir üst kategoride mücadele eden takımların seyirci baskısını daha çok hissetme olasılığından kaynaklanabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle yüksek beklenti ve baskı ortamlarına yönelik psikolojik hazırlığın, performansı olumlu yönde etkileyecek bir unsur olarak değerlendirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Futbol, penaltı vuruşu, seyirciler, sosyal baskı

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