Case Report
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Katı Kişi Sendromu, Bir Olgu

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 185 - 188, 28.07.2025

Abstract

Stiff-person sendromu (SPS), merkezi sinir sistemi içinde uyarıcı nörotransmitterlerin inhibisyonunun azalmasıyla ortaya çıkan otoimmün bir hastalıktır ve genellikle glutatamik asit dekarboksilaz (GAD) karşıtı antikorlar nedeniyle meydana gelir. Sık görülen belirtiler arasında dalgalı ve ilerleyici kas sertliği, spazmlar ve sertlik bulunur. SPS’nin patofizyolojisi tam olarak anlaşılmış olmasa da, yüksek anti-GAD antikor titreleri bu sendromla güçlü bir şekilde ilişkilidir ve immünoterapi, sertliği, ağrılı spazmları ve sertliği iyileştirmeye yardımcı olur. Burada, anti-GAD65 antikorları pozitif olan ve SPS tanısı alan 61 yaşında bir kadın hastanın vakasını sunuyoruz. Şiddetli engelliliğe neden olan hastalık bulguları bağlamında, vaka sunumunu ve tedavi stratejilerini analiz ediyoruz.
61 yaşındaki kadın hasta, yakın zamanda düşmeler, kasılmalar ve alt ekstremitelerde ağrılar nedeniyle başvurdu. Nörolojik muayenede alt ekstremitelerde ciddi rijidite ve ağrılı spazmlar, görülmekteydi ve dokunmaya karşı refleks spazmlar mevcuttu. Kan sayımı, rutin biyokimya ve beyin-omurilik sıvısı analizi normal çıktı. Elektromiyografi (EMG), tüm alt ekstremite kaslarında sürekli motor ünit aktiviteleri gösterdi. EMG bulgularına göre, ön tanımız Stiff Person Sendromu idi. Anti-GAD antikorları pozitif çıktı. Bu bulgu, anti-GAD ile ilişkili stiffness sendromu tanımızı güçlendirdi.
Diazepam, klonazepam, plazmaferez ve İntravenöz immün globulin tedavileri sırayla uygulandı. Ancak, hastada herhangi bir anlamlı yanıt alınamadı. Rituksimab ile tedavi planlandı, ancak pulmoner emboli ve COVID enfeksiyonuna bağlı solunum yetmezliği nedeniyle yoğun bakım ünitesine alındı. Ne yazık ki, hastanın durumu kötü olduğu için Rituksimab tedavisi uygulanamadı.
SPS (Stiff Person Sendromu), kas sertliğinin ayırıcı tanısında yer almalıdır. Altta yatan bir nedenin olup olmadığını belirlemek için detaylı araştırmaların yapılması önemlidir.

References

  • Bose S, Jacob S. Stiff-person syndrome. Pract Neurol. 2025;25:6-17.
  • Moersch FP, Woltman HW. Progressive fluctuating muscular rigidity and spasm (“stiff-man” syndrome); report of a case and some observations in 13 other cases. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1956;31:421–7.
  • El-Abassi R, Soliman MY, Villemarette-Pittman N, England JD. SPS: Understanding the complexity. J Neurol Sci. 2019;404:137-49. B
  • Dalakas MC. Stiff person syndrome: advances in pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2009;11:102-10.
  • Buechner S, Florio I, Capone L. Stiff Person Syndrome: A Rare Neurological Disorder, Heterogeneous in Clinical Presentation and Not Easy to Treat. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2015;2015:278065.
  • Balint B, Meinck HM. Pragmatic Treatment of Stiff Person Spectrum Disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2018;5:394-401.
  • Nguyen PM, Vu DD, Vu KD, Nguyen HT, Nguyen DV. Stiff Person Syndrome: A Case Report with Sudden Onset and Coexistence of Sero-Positive Antibodies to Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and Anti-SOX1 Antibodies. Case Rep Neurol. 2022;14:237-44.
  • Bernardo F, Rebordão L, Rêgo A, Machado S, Passos J, Costa C, et al. Stiff person spectrum disorders: An illustrative case series of their phenotypic and antibody diversity. J Neuroimmunol. 2020;341:577192.
  • Graus F, Saiz A, Dalmau J. GAD antibodies in neurological disorders - insights and challenges. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16:353-65.
  • Papadopoulos VE, Papadimas GK, Androudi S, Anagnostouli M, Evangelopoulos ME. Stiff-Leg Syndrome Associated with Autoimmune Retinopathy and Its Treatment with IVIg-A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Brain Sci. 2023;13:1361.
  • 1Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J. Stiff-person syndrome: insights into a complex autoimmune disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 201586:840-8
  • Basnyat P, Peltola M, Raitanen J, Liimatainen S, Rainesalo S, Pesu M,et al. Elevated IL-6 plasma levels are associated with GAD antibodies-associated autoimmune epilepsy. Front Cell. Neurosci. 2023;17:1129907

Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 185 - 188, 28.07.2025

Abstract

Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is an autoimmune disease emerged by lack of inhibition to excitatory neurotransmitters in the central neurveus system often due to antibodies against glutamic acid decorboxylase (GAD). Fluctuating and progresive muscle rigidity, spasms and also stiffness are common manifestations. The pathophysiology of SPS is not fully understood but however, high titres of anti-GAD antibodies are strongly associated with this syndrome and immunological treatment helps to improve the rigidity, painfully spasms and stiffness. Here we present a case of a 61 years old female patient diagnosed with positive anti-GAD65 antibodies SPS. In the context of a severely disabling disease manifestation, we analyse the case presentation and treatment strategies.
A 61-year-old female patient pesented with recent falls, muscle contractions and pain in the lower extremities. Neurological examination revealed severe rigidity and painfull spasms of the lower extremities and reactive spasms to touch were present. Full blood count, routine biochemistry, CSF analyze were normal. Electromyography (EMG) demonstrated a continuous motor unit activity of whole lower extremity muscles. According to EMG findings our preliminary diagnosis was Stiff Person Syndrome. Anti-GAD antibodies were detected positive. This finding reinforced the diagnosis of anti-GAD-associated stiffperson syndrome.
Diazepam, clonazepam, plasmapheresis and alsointaveneus immun globulin was administered step by step. She did not get any significant benefit from any of treatments. Treatment with rituximab was planned but the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit due to pulmonary embolism and respiratory distress caused by COVID infection. Unfortunately, Rituximab could not be administered due to the patient's poor general condition.
SPS remains an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of muscle stiffness. It is important to perform. Detailed investigations are essential to determine whether an underlying cause exists.

References

  • Bose S, Jacob S. Stiff-person syndrome. Pract Neurol. 2025;25:6-17.
  • Moersch FP, Woltman HW. Progressive fluctuating muscular rigidity and spasm (“stiff-man” syndrome); report of a case and some observations in 13 other cases. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1956;31:421–7.
  • El-Abassi R, Soliman MY, Villemarette-Pittman N, England JD. SPS: Understanding the complexity. J Neurol Sci. 2019;404:137-49. B
  • Dalakas MC. Stiff person syndrome: advances in pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2009;11:102-10.
  • Buechner S, Florio I, Capone L. Stiff Person Syndrome: A Rare Neurological Disorder, Heterogeneous in Clinical Presentation and Not Easy to Treat. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2015;2015:278065.
  • Balint B, Meinck HM. Pragmatic Treatment of Stiff Person Spectrum Disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2018;5:394-401.
  • Nguyen PM, Vu DD, Vu KD, Nguyen HT, Nguyen DV. Stiff Person Syndrome: A Case Report with Sudden Onset and Coexistence of Sero-Positive Antibodies to Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and Anti-SOX1 Antibodies. Case Rep Neurol. 2022;14:237-44.
  • Bernardo F, Rebordão L, Rêgo A, Machado S, Passos J, Costa C, et al. Stiff person spectrum disorders: An illustrative case series of their phenotypic and antibody diversity. J Neuroimmunol. 2020;341:577192.
  • Graus F, Saiz A, Dalmau J. GAD antibodies in neurological disorders - insights and challenges. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16:353-65.
  • Papadopoulos VE, Papadimas GK, Androudi S, Anagnostouli M, Evangelopoulos ME. Stiff-Leg Syndrome Associated with Autoimmune Retinopathy and Its Treatment with IVIg-A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Brain Sci. 2023;13:1361.
  • 1Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J. Stiff-person syndrome: insights into a complex autoimmune disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 201586:840-8
  • Basnyat P, Peltola M, Raitanen J, Liimatainen S, Rainesalo S, Pesu M,et al. Elevated IL-6 plasma levels are associated with GAD antibodies-associated autoimmune epilepsy. Front Cell. Neurosci. 2023;17:1129907
There are 12 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases
Journal Section Case Report
Authors

Gizemnur Filinta 0009-0007-6621-7033

Aslı Köşkderelioğlu 0000-0002-7828-6382

Neslihan Eşkut 0000-0003-1882-8992

Fikriye Elif Saka 0009-0004-2429-6122

Buğra İnce 0000-0001-7467-4073

Şeniz Akçay 0000-0003-2267-0702

Publication Date July 28, 2025
Submission Date May 22, 2025
Acceptance Date July 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Filinta, G., Köşkderelioğlu, A., Eşkut, N., … Saka, F. E. (2025). Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report. Eskisehir Medical Journal, 6(2), 185-188.
AMA Filinta G, Köşkderelioğlu A, Eşkut N, Saka FE, İnce B, Akçay Ş. Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report. Eskisehir Med J. July 2025;6(2):185-188.
Chicago Filinta, Gizemnur, Aslı Köşkderelioğlu, Neslihan Eşkut, Fikriye Elif Saka, Buğra İnce, and Şeniz Akçay. “Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report”. Eskisehir Medical Journal 6, no. 2 (July 2025): 185-88.
EndNote Filinta G, Köşkderelioğlu A, Eşkut N, Saka FE, İnce B, Akçay Ş (July 1, 2025) Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report. Eskisehir Medical Journal 6 2 185–188.
IEEE G. Filinta, A. Köşkderelioğlu, N. Eşkut, F. E. Saka, B. İnce, and Ş. Akçay, “Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report”, Eskisehir Med J, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 185–188, 2025.
ISNAD Filinta, Gizemnur et al. “Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report”. Eskisehir Medical Journal 6/2 (July2025), 185-188.
JAMA Filinta G, Köşkderelioğlu A, Eşkut N, Saka FE, İnce B, Akçay Ş. Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report. Eskisehir Med J. 2025;6:185–188.
MLA Filinta, Gizemnur et al. “Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report”. Eskisehir Medical Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2025, pp. 185-8.
Vancouver Filinta G, Köşkderelioğlu A, Eşkut N, Saka FE, İnce B, Akçay Ş. Stiff Person Syndrome, A Case Report. Eskisehir Med J. 2025;6(2):185-8.