NEUROLOGICALLY INTACT SURVIVAL FOLLOWING CARDIAC ARREST FROM CHLORAL HYDRATE TOXICITY: A SHOWCASE OF MODERN CRITICAL CARE
Year 2025,
Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 293 - 296, 25.11.2025
Ahmet Düzgün
,
Burhan Sami Kalın
Abstract
Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic agent first introduced in the 19th century, with pharmacological activity mediated through hepatic metabolism into trichloroethanol. Although its clinical use has markedly declined over time, it is still occasionally preferred, particularly in pediatric populations, for pre-procedural sedation in non-invasive interventions. However, the agent’s narrow therapeutic window renders it highly susceptible to dosing errors, predisposing patients to severe cardiovascular and neurological complications. Overdose may result in QTc interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, central nervous system depression, and even sudden cardiac arrest. Moreover, the absence of a specific antidote necessitates that management relies entirely on supportive care.
We report a rare case of cardiac arrest and torsades de pointes following ingestion of approximately ten times the recommended oral dose of chloral hydrate intended for procedural sedation. Remarkably, despite the agent’s high cardiotoxic potential and the lack of a specific antidote, complete neurological recovery was achieved, underscoring the critical role of early recognition and multidisciplinary intensive care strategies in the management of such toxicologic emergencies
care strategies in the management of such toxicologic emergencies.
Ethical Statement
Ethics committee approval was not required for this case report in accordance with the policies of our institution. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and the patient’s family for the publication of this case report and any accompanying images. The authors declare no conflict of interest and no financial support was received for this study.
Supporting Institution
None
Thanks
The authors sincerely thank the patient and the patient’s family for their cooperation and for providing consent to share this case
References
-
Cui Y, Guo L, Mu Q, Cheng Q, Kang L, He Y, Tang M, Wu Q. Sleep deprivation did not enhance the success rate of chloral hydrate sedation for non-invasive procedural sedation in pediatric patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0245338. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245338.
-
Henderson GN, Yan Z, James MO, Davydova N, Stacpoole PW. Kinetics and metabolism of chloral hydrate in children: identification of dichloroacetate as a metabolite. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;235(3):695–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6868.
Armstrong J, Pascu O. Toxicology Handbook. 3rd ed. Sydney: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015. Available from: https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=qt11BwAAQBAJ
-
Sullivan JE, McDonald MJ. Toxic ingestions. In: Wheeler D, Wong H, Shanley T, editors. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2014. p. 695–727. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6362-6_50.
-
Locatelli CA, Petrolini VM, Lonati D, et al. Neurotoxicological emergencies. In: Micieli G, Cavallini A, Ricci S, Consoli D, Edlow JA, editors. Decision Algorithms for Emergency Neurology. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 525–608. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51276-7_18.
-
Chloral hydrate overdose. Reactions Weekly. 2006;1112:10–1. doi:10.2165/00128415-200611120-00028.
-
Shakeer SK, Kalapati B, Al Abri SA, Al Busaidi M. Chloral hydrate overdose survived after cardiac arrest with excellent response to intravenous β-blocker. Oman Med J. 2019;34(3):244–8. doi:10.5001/omj.2019.46.
-
Mégarbane B, Oberlin M, Alvarez JC, et al. Management of pharmaceutical and recreational drug poisoning. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):157. doi:10.1186/s13613-020-00762-9.
-
Arrich J, Schütz N, Oppenauer J, et al. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. [Internet]. 2023;5(5):CD004128.
-
Perman SM, Bartos JA, Del Rios M, et al. Temperature management for comatose adult survivors of cardiac arrest: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148(12):982–8. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001164.
-
Merdink JL, Robison LM, Stevens DK, Hu M, Parker JC, Bull RJ. Kinetics of chloral hydrate and its metabolites in male human volunteers. Toxicology. 2008;245(1–2):130–40. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.018.
-
King JD, Kern MH, Jaar BG. Extracorporeal Removal of Poisons and Toxins. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14(9):1408–1415. doi:10.2215/CJN.02560319.
KLORAL HİDRAT TOKSİSİTESİNE BAĞLI KARDİYAK ARREST SONRASI NÖROLOJİK OLARAK TAM İYİLEŞME: MODERN YOĞUN BAKIMIN BİR VİTRİNİ
Year 2025,
Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 293 - 296, 25.11.2025
Ahmet Düzgün
,
Burhan Sami Kalın
Abstract
Kloral hidrat, 19. yüzyılda tanıtılmış, sedatif ve hipnotik etkili bir ajandır. Farmakolojik aktivitesi, karaciğerde trikloroetanole metabolize olmasıyla ortaya çıkar. Klinik kullanımı zamanla belirgin şekilde azalmış olsa da, hâlâ özellikle çocuk hastalarda, invaziv olmayan girişimler öncesi sedasyon amacıyla zaman zaman tercih edilmektedir. Ancak, ajanın dar terapötik aralığı, doz hatalarına son derece duyarlı hale getirir ve hastaları ciddi kardiyovasküler ve nörolojik komplikasyonlara yatkınlaştırır. Aşırı doz alımı, QTc aralığında uzamaya, “torsades de pointes” adı verilen ritim bozukluğuna, merkezi sinir sistemi depresyonuna ve hatta ani kardiyak arreste yol açabilir. Ayrıca, spesifik bir antidotun olmaması nedeniyle tedavi tamamen destekleyici bakıma dayanır.
Bu makalede, prosedürel sedasyon amacıyla önerilen oral dozun yaklaşık on katı kadar kloral hidrat alımını takiben gelişen kardiyak arrest ve “torsades de pointes” olgusu sunulmuştur. Dikkat çekici olan ise, ajanın yüksek kardiyotoksik potansiyeline ve spesifik bir antidotun bulunmamasına rağmen, hastada tam nörolojik iyileşmenin sağlanmış olmasıdır. Bu durum, bu tür toksikolojik acillerde erken tanının ve multidisipliner yoğun bakım yaklaşımlarının kritik önemini vurgulamaktadır
Ethical Statement
Bu olgu sunumu için kurum politikaları gereği etik kurul onayı gerekmemektedir. Olgu sunumunun ve eşlik eden görsellerin yayımlanması için hastadan ve ailesinden yazılı onam alınmıştır. Yazarların çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır ve bu çalışma için finansal destek alınmamıştır.
Supporting Institution
“Herhangi bir kurum tarafından desteklenmemiştir.
Thanks
Yazarlar, bu olgunun paylaşılmasına onay verdikleri ve iş birliği gösterdikleri için hastaya ve ailesine teşekkür eder.
References
-
Cui Y, Guo L, Mu Q, Cheng Q, Kang L, He Y, Tang M, Wu Q. Sleep deprivation did not enhance the success rate of chloral hydrate sedation for non-invasive procedural sedation in pediatric patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0245338. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245338.
-
Henderson GN, Yan Z, James MO, Davydova N, Stacpoole PW. Kinetics and metabolism of chloral hydrate in children: identification of dichloroacetate as a metabolite. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;235(3):695–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6868.
Armstrong J, Pascu O. Toxicology Handbook. 3rd ed. Sydney: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015. Available from: https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=qt11BwAAQBAJ
-
Sullivan JE, McDonald MJ. Toxic ingestions. In: Wheeler D, Wong H, Shanley T, editors. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2014. p. 695–727. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6362-6_50.
-
Locatelli CA, Petrolini VM, Lonati D, et al. Neurotoxicological emergencies. In: Micieli G, Cavallini A, Ricci S, Consoli D, Edlow JA, editors. Decision Algorithms for Emergency Neurology. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 525–608. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51276-7_18.
-
Chloral hydrate overdose. Reactions Weekly. 2006;1112:10–1. doi:10.2165/00128415-200611120-00028.
-
Shakeer SK, Kalapati B, Al Abri SA, Al Busaidi M. Chloral hydrate overdose survived after cardiac arrest with excellent response to intravenous β-blocker. Oman Med J. 2019;34(3):244–8. doi:10.5001/omj.2019.46.
-
Mégarbane B, Oberlin M, Alvarez JC, et al. Management of pharmaceutical and recreational drug poisoning. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):157. doi:10.1186/s13613-020-00762-9.
-
Arrich J, Schütz N, Oppenauer J, et al. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. [Internet]. 2023;5(5):CD004128.
-
Perman SM, Bartos JA, Del Rios M, et al. Temperature management for comatose adult survivors of cardiac arrest: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148(12):982–8. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001164.
-
Merdink JL, Robison LM, Stevens DK, Hu M, Parker JC, Bull RJ. Kinetics of chloral hydrate and its metabolites in male human volunteers. Toxicology. 2008;245(1–2):130–40. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.018.
-
King JD, Kern MH, Jaar BG. Extracorporeal Removal of Poisons and Toxins. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14(9):1408–1415. doi:10.2215/CJN.02560319.