Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 189 - 204, 25.11.2025

Abstract

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia involved in the etiology of stroke. Even stroke patients without AF, who are in sinus rhythm, may exhibit atrial electrical abnormalities. The Macruz index, which is the focus of our study, is defined on electrocardiography (ECG) as the ratio of the P-wave duration to the PQ (PR) segment duration and is normally considered to be within the range of approximately 0.9–1.1. A value above 1.1 is associated with atrial conduction disturbance or left atrial enlargement, whereas a value below 0.9 suggests prolongation of the PQ segment or shortening of the P-wave. The Macruz index is a surface ECG marker that reflects atrial conduction delay and enlargement. Clinically, it is an important parameter used to predict the risk of atrial fibrillation development, to assess atrial enlargement, to determine the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and stroke, and to detect atrial conduction disorders. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of the Macruz index in stroke patients with normal sinus rhythm.

Methods: Between April 15, 2025, and September 15, 2025, 89 stroke patients who were hospitalized in the neurology department of Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, received cardiology consultations, and showed no AF on 24-hour Holter monitoring (sinus rhythm) were included in the study. For the control group, 106 patients who presented to the cardiology outpatient clinic during the same period with complaints of palpitations but had sinus rhythm on their admission ECGs were included. The ECGs of these patients were reviewed, and their Macruz indexes were calculated. Clinical, laboratory, and electrocardiographic data were compared. Regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors.

Results: Stroke patients had a significantly higher Macruz index compared with the control group (1.9 ± 0.8 vs. 1.2 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, age (β = 0.010, p =0.040) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (β = 0.110, p = 0.002) were independent predictors. HDL cholesterol showed a marginal inverse association (p = 0.052).

Conclusions: An elevated Macruz index may reflect atrial remodeling in stroke patients even in the absence of AF. This index may serve as an early indicator of atrial vulnerability and arrhythmogenic potential, suggesting the need for extended rhythm monitoring in this population.

Ethical Statement

“The study protocol was approved by the Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee on 11.04.25, with approval number 434. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.”

Supporting Institution

Gazi Yaşargil Education and Research Hospital

References

  • Yüksel H, Güzelsoy D, Yazıcıoğlu N, et al. Long-term prognosis after a first myocardial infarction in Turkey: determinants of mortality and reinfarction. Cardiology. 1994;84:345-55. doi:10.1159/000176422.
  • Behar S, DiSegni E, Drory Y. Immediate and long-term prognostic significance of a first acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1993;126:538-46. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(93)90181-B.
  • Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. Circulation. 2022;145:e895-1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.
  • Sajadieh A, Nielsen OW, Rasmussen V, et al. Comparison of the prognosis after early versus late myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 1998;104:497-502. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(98)70197-8.
  • Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability. Circulation. 1996;93:1043-65. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043.
  • Çınar T, Asal S, Çağdaş M, et al. Intermountain Risk Score and Long-Term Mortality in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2023;199:145-52.
  • Balcı KG, Balcı MM, Koca H, et al. Usefulness of the Macruz index in predicting atrial fibrillation in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Med Princ Pract. 2016;25:110-5. doi:10.1159/000441975.
  • Cay S, Ozturk S, Aras D, et al. The importance of Macruz index in predicting atrial fibrillation in patients with mitral stenosis. J Electrocardiol. 2017;50:954-60. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2017.07.016.
  • Wang Z, Li X, Zhang Y, et al. Electrocardiographic markers of atrial remodeling and prediction of atrial fibrillation recurrence: a prospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2024;24:472. doi:10.1186/s12872-024-0472-3.

İNME HASTALARINDA MACRUZ İNDEKSİNİN ROLÜ: TAHMİN DEĞERİ VE ATRİYAL REMODELİNG

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 189 - 204, 25.11.2025

Abstract

Giriş: Atrial fibrilasyon(AF) inme etyolojisinde yer alan en sık ritm bozukluğudur. AF olmayan inme hastaları, sinus ritminde olsa bile atriyal elektriksel anormallikler olabilmektedir. Çalışmamıza konu olan Macruz indeksi, elektrokardiyografide (EKG) P dalgası süresinin PQ (PR) segmenti süresine oranı olarak tanımlanır ve normalde yaklaşık 0,9-1,1 aralığında kabul edilir. Bu değerin 1,1’in üzerinde olması atriyal iletim bozukluğu veya sol atriyum genişlemesi ile ilişkilendirilirken, 0,9’un altında olması PQ segmentinin uzadığını veya P dalgasının kısaldığını düşündürür.Macruz indeksi, atriyal iletim gecikmesini ve genişlemesini yansıtan bir yüzey EKG belirtecidir. Klinik olarak atriyal fibrilasyon gelişme riskinin öngörülmesinde, atriyal büyümenin değerlendirilmesinde, hipertansiyon ve inme gibi kardiyovasküler hastalıkların prognozunun belirlenmesinde ve atriyal iletim bozukluklarının saptanmasında kullanılan önemli bir parametredir. Bu çalışma, normal sinüs ritmine sahip inme hastalarında Macruz indeksinin klinik önemini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.

Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada 15 Nisan 2025 ve 15 Eylül 2025 tarihleri arasında Gazi Yaşargil Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi’ne inme nedeniyle nöroloji servisine yatmış ve kardiyoloji konsultasyonu istenmiş ,24 saatlik holter monitorizasyonlarında ise AF saptanmamış, normal sinus ritminde 89 inme hastası dahil edilmiştir. Kontrol grubu için ise belirtilen tarihlerde kardiyoloji polikliniğine çarpıntı nedeniyle başvurmuş ,geliş ekg si normal sinus ritminde olan 106 hasta ise kontrol grubu olarak dahil edildi. Bu hastaların EKG leri tarandı ve Macruz indeksleri hesaplandı. Klinik, laboratuvar ve elektrokardiyografik veriler karşılaştırıldı. Bağımsız öngörücüleri belirlemek için regresyon analizleri yapıldı.

Bulgular: İnme hastaları, kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında önemli ölçüde daha yüksek bir Macruz indeksi saptandı ( 1,9 ± 0,8'e karşı 1,2 ± 0,5, p < 0,001). Çok değişkenli analizde, yaş (β = 0,010, p = 0,040) ve nötrofil-lenfosit oranı (NLR) (β = 0,110, p = 0,002) bağımsız öngörücülerdi. HDL kolesterol marjinal bir ters ilişki gösterdi (p = 0,052).

Sonuç: Yükselen Macruz indeksi, AF yokluğunda bile inme hastalarında atriyal yeniden şekillenmeyi yansıtabilir. Bu indeks, atriyal kırılganlığın ve atrial ritm bozukluğunun erken bir belirteci olarak kullanılabilir ve bu popülasyonda genişletilmiş ritm takibi ihtiyacını düşündürür.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma protokolü 11.04.25 tarihinde 434 onay numarası ile Gazi Yaşargil Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylandı. Tüm prosedürler Helsinki Bildirgesi’ne uygun olarak gerçekleştirildi.”

Supporting Institution

Gazi Yaşargil Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi

References

  • Yüksel H, Güzelsoy D, Yazıcıoğlu N, et al. Long-term prognosis after a first myocardial infarction in Turkey: determinants of mortality and reinfarction. Cardiology. 1994;84:345-55. doi:10.1159/000176422.
  • Behar S, DiSegni E, Drory Y. Immediate and long-term prognostic significance of a first acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1993;126:538-46. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(93)90181-B.
  • Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. Circulation. 2022;145:e895-1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.
  • Sajadieh A, Nielsen OW, Rasmussen V, et al. Comparison of the prognosis after early versus late myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 1998;104:497-502. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(98)70197-8.
  • Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability. Circulation. 1996;93:1043-65. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043.
  • Çınar T, Asal S, Çağdaş M, et al. Intermountain Risk Score and Long-Term Mortality in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2023;199:145-52.
  • Balcı KG, Balcı MM, Koca H, et al. Usefulness of the Macruz index in predicting atrial fibrillation in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Med Princ Pract. 2016;25:110-5. doi:10.1159/000441975.
  • Cay S, Ozturk S, Aras D, et al. The importance of Macruz index in predicting atrial fibrillation in patients with mitral stenosis. J Electrocardiol. 2017;50:954-60. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2017.07.016.
  • Wang Z, Li X, Zhang Y, et al. Electrocardiographic markers of atrial remodeling and prediction of atrial fibrillation recurrence: a prospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2024;24:472. doi:10.1186/s12872-024-0472-3.
There are 9 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cardiology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gamze Yeter Arslan 0000-0002-0114-7448

Serdar Söner 0000-0002-2807-6424

Publication Date November 25, 2025
Submission Date September 28, 2025
Acceptance Date November 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Arslan, G. Y., & Söner, S. (2025). THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING. Eskisehir Medical Journal, 6(3), 189-204.
AMA Arslan GY, Söner S. THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING. Eskisehir Med J. November 2025;6(3):189-204.
Chicago Arslan, Gamze Yeter, and Serdar Söner. “THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING”. Eskisehir Medical Journal 6, no. 3 (November 2025): 189-204.
EndNote Arslan GY, Söner S (November 1, 2025) THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING. Eskisehir Medical Journal 6 3 189–204.
IEEE G. Y. Arslan and S. Söner, “THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING”, Eskisehir Med J, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 189–204, 2025.
ISNAD Arslan, Gamze Yeter - Söner, Serdar. “THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING”. Eskisehir Medical Journal 6/3 (November2025), 189-204.
JAMA Arslan GY, Söner S. THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING. Eskisehir Med J. 2025;6:189–204.
MLA Arslan, Gamze Yeter and Serdar Söner. “THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING”. Eskisehir Medical Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, 2025, pp. 189-04.
Vancouver Arslan GY, Söner S. THE ROLE OF THE MACRUZ INDEX IN STROKE PATIENTS: PREDICTIVE VALUE AND ATRIAL REMODELING. Eskisehir Med J. 2025;6(3):189-204.