RELATIONSHIP OF LEAD WITH FREE RADICALS, REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 52 - 62, 30.01.2024

Seda Vural Aydın

https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.1236273

Abstract

Heavy metals, which are high in the environment, are substances that have a high toxic effect even at low concentrations. Heavy metals taken into the organism through mouth, respiration and skin cannot be eliminated by the body's excretory pathways. In addition, since they have a durable structure, they participate in the food chain and accumulate in various body tissues. With the increase in industrial activities, heavy metal pollution has also emerged and has increased day by day. Lead is an element that is widely used in industry because it has a low melting temperature. However, it is known that lead, like other heavy metals, has an effect on problems such as environmental pollution and health problems. Occupational diseases such as lead poisoning occur as a result of direct exposure to lead. Direct exposure in this way can also cause death. Lead causes undesirable conditions such as increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), emergence of oxidative stress and weakening of antioxidant system. Lead disrupts the prooxidant/antioxidant ratio. As a result, effects such as an increase in ROS and thus damage to the basic components of the cell such as lipid, protein and nucleic acid are observed.In particular, lead inhibits enzymes and prevents some enzymes from acting as antioxidants. As a result of exposure to lead, there is a decrease in the defense abilities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid in blood and tissues. Lead increases lipid peroxidation and thus causes oxidative damage. Evaluation of the effect of lead at the cellular level is important in terms of developing solutions for the toxic effects of lead. In this study, the effect of lead on the cellular level in the organism and its effects on free radicals, ROS and oxidative stress were evaluated.

Keywords

Antioxidant enzymes, free radicals, heavy metals, lead, oxidative stress

RELATIONSHIP OF LEAD WITH FREE RADICALS, REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES

Abstract

Çevrede yüksek oranda bulunan ağır metaller, düşük konsantrasyonlarda dahi toksik etkisi yüksek olan maddelerdir. Ağız, solunum ve deri yoluyla organizmaya alınan ağır metaller, vücudun boşaltım yolları ile atılamamaktadır. Ayrıca dayanıklı bir yapıya sahip olduklarından besin zincirine katılarak çeşitli vücut dokularında birikmektedir. Böylece enzimatik ve yapısal fonksiyonları inhibe ederek, DNA ve kromozom hasarlarına, solunum sistemi ile sinir sisteminde kalıcı hasarlara yol açmaktadır. Endüstriyel faaliyetlerin artışı ile ağır metal kirliliği de ortaya çıkmış ve her geçen gün kirlilik artmıştır. Kurşun, düşük erime sıcaklığına sahip olduğundan endüstri ve sanayi alanında rağbet gören bir elementtir. Ancak kurşunun da diğer ağır metaller gibi çevre kirliliği ve sağlık sorunlarına yol açtığı bilinmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu alan çalışanlarında kurşuna doğrudan maruziyet sonucu kurşun zehirlenmeleri gibi meslek hastalıkları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu şekilde doğrudan maruz kalınması ölüme de sebebiyet vermektedir. Kurşun, reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS) artması, oksidatif stresin ortaya çıkması ve antioksidan sistemin zayıflaması gibi istenmeyen durumlara neden olmaktadır. Kurşunun prooksidan/antioksidan oranını bozması sonucu ROS artışı, dolayısıyla da lipid, protein ve nükleik asit gibi hücrenin temel bileşenlerinin zarar görmesi gibi etkiler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Kurşun özellikle enzimleri inhibe ederek bazı enzimlerin antioksidan görevi görmesini engellemektedir. Kurşuna maruziyet sonucu kan ve dokularda katalaz (CAT), süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), glutatyon (GSH) ve askorbik asit gibi antioksidan enzimlerin savunma yeteneklerinde düşüş olmaktadır. Kurşun, lipit peroksidasyonunu arttırmaktadır ve dolayısıyla oksidatif hasara yol açmaktadır. Kurşunun hücresel düzeyde etkisinin değerlendirilmesi, kurşunun toksik etkileri ile ilgili çözüm önerilerinin geliştirilmesi bakımından önemlidir. Bu derlemede kurşunun organizmadaki hücresel düzeyde etkisi ile serbest radikaller, ROS ve oksidatif stres üzerinde etkileri bakımından değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

Keywords

Ağır metaller, kurşun, oksidatif stres, serbest radikal

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