COVID-19’UN KLİNİK, LABORATUVAR VE RADYOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİ

Abstract

Dünya Çin’den yayılan ve 2020 yılı sonrasına damga vuran bir salgınla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Ağır akut solunum
yolu sendromu koronavirüsü-2 (SARS-CoV-2)’nin neden olduğu ve koronavirüs hastalığı-19 (COVID-19) olarak adlandırılan bu hastalık etkisini göstermeye devam etmektedir. Hastalar asemptomatik enfeksiyondan mortaliteyle sonuçlanabilen ağır bir klinik tablo sergileyebilmektedir. Henüz üzerinde görüş birliği oluşan bir tedavisi olmayıp dünyanın birçok yerinde aşı çalışmaları hızla devam etmektedir. Enfeksiyondan korunma hastalığın yayılmasını önlemede en etkili yöntemdir.

Keywords

• SARS-CoV-2
• COVID-19'un kliniği
• COVID-19'un laboratuvar bulguları

CLINICAL, LABORATORY AND RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF COVID-19

Abstract

The world was faced with a pandemic that spread from China and left its mark after 2020. This disease, caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), called coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), continues to show its effect. Patients may exhibit a severe clinical picture that may result in mortality from asymptomatic infection. Common laboratory findings include a decrease in lymphocyte count, an increase in liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and inflammation markers such as ferritin, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In COVID-19 pneumonia, similar to other viral pneumonia, bilateral, middle-lower zones, peripherally located ground-glass opacities with consolidation are the most common findings. There is no consensus treatment yet, and vaccination studies continue in many parts of the world. Protection from infection is the most effective method to prevent the spread of the disease.

Keywords

• SARS-CoV-2
• COVID-19 clinical features
• COVID-19 laboratory findings

References

1. 1. WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
2. 2. Linton NM, Kobayashi T, Yang Y, et al. Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):538. doi:10.3390/jcm9020538
3. 3. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1199.
4. 4. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1708.
5. 5. Zhu J, Zhong Z, Ji P, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of 8697 patients with COVID-19 in China: a meta-analysis [published correction appears in Fam Med Community Health. 2020 May;8(2):]. Fam Med Community Health. 2020;8(2):e000406. doi:10.1136/fmch-2020-000406
6. 6. Mizumoto K, Kagaya K, Zarebski A, Chowell G. Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. Euro Surveill 2020;25(10):2000180.
7. 7. Sutton D, Fuchs K, D'Alton M, Goffman D. Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Women Admitted for Delivery. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:2163.
8. 8. Oran DP, Topol EJ. Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review. Ann Intern Med 2020;173(5):362-7. doi:10.7326/M20-3012

9. 9. Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, et al. Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;34:101623. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623
10. 10. Fu L, Wang B, Yuan T, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;80(6):656-65. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041
11. 11. Loffredo L, Pacella F, Pacella E, Tiscione G, Oliva A, Violi F. Conjunctivitis and COVID-19: A meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25938. doi:10.1002/jmv.25938
12. 12. Recalcati S. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(5):e212-3. doi:10.1111/jdv.16387
13. 13. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-42.
14. 14. Verity R, Okell LC, Dorigatti I, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20:669.
15. 15. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052-9.
16. 16. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1775-6.
17. 17. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID-19 Durum Raporu, Türkiye. 30.6.2020. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
18. 18. Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020; 369:m1966.
19. 19. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 - United States, February 12-March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:382.
20. 20. Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid-19 hospital admission. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(15):896-7.
21. 21. Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, et al. Patients with Cancer Appear More Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: A Multicenter Study during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Cancer Discov 2020;10:783.
22. 22. Alqahtani JS, Oyelade T, Aldhahir AM, et al. Prevalence, Severity and Mortality associated with COPD and Smoking in patients with COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233147. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233147
23. 23. Martins-Filho PR, Tavares CSS, Santos VS. Factors associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. A quantitative evidence synthesis of clinical and laboratory data. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:97-99. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2020.04.043
24. 24. Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Siempos II. Effect of Cancer on Clinical Outcomes of Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of Patient Data. JCO Glob Oncol. 2020;6:799-808. doi:10.1200/GO.20.00225
25. 25. Abedi V, Olulana O, Avula V, et al. Racial, Economic and Health Inequality and COVID-19 Infection in the United States. Preprint. medRxiv. 2020;2020.04.26.20079756. doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.20079756
26. 26. Raisi-Estabragh Z, McCracken C, Bethell MS, et al. Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic populations is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study of 1326 cases from the UK Biobank. J Public Health (Oxf). 2020;fdaa095. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa095
27. 27. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
28. 28. Al-Ani F, Chehade S, Lazo-Langner A. Thrombosis risk associated with COVID-19 infection. A scoping review. Thromb Res. 2020;192:152-60. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.039
29. 29. Goyal P, Choi JJ, Pinheiro LC, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2372-4.
30. 30. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033-4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
31. 31. Moreira A. Kawasaki disease linked to COVID-19 in children. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(7):407. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0350-1
32. 32. Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lütgehetmann M, et al. Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19. Ann Intern Med 2020.
33. 33. Huang Y, Tan C, Wu J, Chen M, Wang Z, Luo L et al. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on pulmonary function in early convalescence phase. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):163. doi:10.1186/s12931-020-01429-6
34. 34. Huang I, Pranata R, Lim MA, Oehadian A, Alisjahbana B. C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, D-dimer, and ferritin in severe coronavirus disease-2019: a meta-analysis. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2020;14:1753466620937175. doi:10.1177/1753466620937175
35. 35. Aziz M, Fatima R, Lee-Smith W, Assaly R. The association of low serum albumin level with severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):255. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02995-3
36. 36. Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, et al. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology 2020;200642.
37. 37. Rubin GD, Ryerson CJ, Haramati LB, Sverzellati N, Kanne JP, Raoof S, et al. The role of chest imaging in patient management during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multinational consensus statement from the Fleischner Society. Chest. 2020;S0012-3692(20)30673-5.
38. 38. Bao C, Liu X, Zhang H, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) CT Findings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Coll Radiol 2020; 17:701.
39. 39. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu) genel bilgiler, epidemiyoloji ve tanı. 29.6.2020. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
40. 40. Soldati G, Smargiassi A, Inchingolo R, et al. Proposal for International Standardization of the Use of Lung Ultrasound for Patients With COVID-19: A Simple, Quantitative, Reproducible Method. J Ultrasound Med. 2020;39(7):1413-9. doi:10.1002/jum.15285