ANNE İLE ÇOCUK ARASINDAKİ EŞSİZ BAĞ OLARAK BAĞLANMA; PRENATAL DÖNEMDEN ÇOCUKLUĞA

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 346 - 352, 18.05.2020

Damla Eyüboğlu

https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.716473

Abstract

Bu yazıda, bağlanma sürecinin prenatal dönemden başlayarak gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Prenatal dönemde annenin zihninden başlayan bağlanma süreci, doğum sonrası anne bebek ikilisinin etkileşimiyle kesinleşerek devam etmektedir. Anne bebek ilişkisinin niteliği ve bağlanma örüntüleri yaşam boyu bireyin hayatında izlerini sürer. Bağlanma, bireyin ileriki yaşamında ilişkilerine etki edeceği gibi, ruh sağlığı açısından da bağlanmanın güvenli veya güvensiz bağlanma olmasına göre koruyucu veya risk faktörü haline dönüşebilir. Bu nedenle, bağlanma sürecinin ve bu sürece etki eden faktörlerin anlaşılması, koruyu ruh sağlığı ve halk sağlığı açısından yol gösterici olacaktır, ayrıca yeni müdahale programlarının geliştirilmesine olanak sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

Bağlanma, prenatal bağlanma, psikopatoloji

ATTACHMENT AS A UNIQUE BOND BETWEEN MOTHER AND CHILD; FROM PRENATAL PERIOD TO CHILDHOOD

Abstract

In this article, it is aimed to review the attachment process starting from the prenatal period. The process of attachment, which started from the mind of the mother in the prenatal period, continues by the interaction of the mother-baby as a couple after birth. The quality and attachment patterns of the mother-baby relationship last for a lifetime. Attachment will affect individuals' relationships in their life, and it can turn into a protective or risk factor depending on whether it is a secure or unsecure attachment in terms of mental health. Therefore, clarifying the attachment process and the factors affecting this process will be guide for the preventive mental health and public health, and will also allow the development of new intervention programs. 

Keywords

Attachment, prenatal attachment, psychopathology

References

• 1. Ainsworth MD. Infant-mother attachment. Am J Psychol. 1979; 34(10): 932-37.
• 2. Siddiqui A. & Hagglof B. Does maternal prenatal attachment predict postnatal mother-infant interaction? Early Hum Dev. 2000; 59(1):13-25.
• 3. Kim P, Mayes L, Feldman R, et al. Early postpartum Parental preoccupation and positive parenting thoughts: relationship with parent-infant interaction. Infant Ment Health J. 2013; 34(2):104-116.
• 4. Farrell AK, Simpson JA, Carlson EA, et al. The impact of stress at different life stages on physical health and the buffering effects of maternal sensitivity. Health psychol. 2017; 36(1):35-44.
• 5. Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss: Volume 1. 1969.
• 6. Harlow HW, Zimmerman RR. Affectional response in the infant monkey. Science. 1959; 130: 421–32.
• 7. Güvenir T. Bebeklik ve erken çocukluk döneminde “duygu düzenlemesi ve bozuklukları”. N. Erol (Ed), Bebek ruh sağlığı içinde. ANKARA: Ankara Üniversitesi Basım Evi. 2012
• 8. İşeri E, ve Bodur Ş. Bağlanma Bozuklukları. A. Akay ve E. S. Ercan (Eds), Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları içinde. Ankara: HYB Basım Yayın. 2016
• 9. Tronick EZ. Emotions and emotional communication in infants. Am Psychologist, 1989; 44(2), 112-9.
• 10. Serim Demirgören B, ve Özbek A. Bağlanma ve Gelişimi. K. Karabekiroğlu (Ed), Bebek Ruh Sağlığı (0-4 yaş) Temel Kitabı içinde. Ankara: Hekimlerbirliği yayınları, 2012
• 11. Tamis-LeMonda CS, & Baumwell L. Parental sensitivity in early development: Definition, methods, measurement, and generalizability. In Maternal sensitivity: A scientific foundation for practice. Nova Science Publishers. 2011
• 12. Landry SH, Smith KE, and Swank PR. Responsive parenting: Establishing early foundations for social communication and problem solving. Dev Psychol, 2006; 42, 627–42.
• 13. Bailey H N, Redden E, Pederson D R, & Moran G. Parental disavowal of relationship difficulties fosters the development of insecure attachment. Can J Behav Sci, 2016; 48, 49-59.
• 14. Hane A A, Feldstein S ve Dernetz V H. The relation between coordinated interpersonal timing and maternal sensitivity in four-month-old infants. J Psycholinguis Res, 2003; 32(5), 525-39.
• 15. Granat A, Gadassi R, Gilboa-Schechtman E ve Feldman R. Maternal depression and anxiety, social synchrony, and infant regulation of negative and positive emotions. Emotion, 2017; 17(1), 11-27.
• 16. Beebe B, Steele M, Jaffe J, Buck KA, Chen H, Cohen P, ... ve Feldstein S. Maternal anxiety symptoms and mother–infant self‐and interactive contingency. Infant Ment Health J, 2011; 32(2), 174-206.
• 17. Beebe B, Jaffe J, Buck K, Chen H, Cohen P, Feldstein S, ve Andrews H. Six‐week postpartum maternal depressive symptoms and 4‐month mother–infant self‐ and interactive contingency. Infant Ment Health J, 2008; 29(5), 442-71.
• 18. American Psychological Association (2017). Postpartum depression. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/pi/women/resources/reports/ postpartum‐depression
• 19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). Reproductive health: Depression among women. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ reproductivehealth/depression/index.htm
• 20. Feldman R, Weller A, Zagoory-Sharon O, ve Levine A. Evidence for a neuroendocrinological foundation of human affiliation: plasma oxytocin levels across pregnancy and the postpartum period predict mother-infant bonding. Psychol Sci, 2007; 18(11), 965-70.
• 21. Feldman R, Greenbaum CW, Mayes LC, ve Erlich SH. Change in mother-infant interactive behavior: Relations to change in the mother, the infant, and the social context. Infant Behav Dev, 1997; 20(2), 151-63.
• 22. Stein A, Craske MG, Lehtonen A, Harvey A, Savage-McGlynn E, Davies B, ... ve Counsell N. Maternal cognitions and mother- infant interaction in postnatal depression and generalized anxiety disorder. J Abnorm, 2012; 121, 795–809.
• 23. Mount KS, Crockenberg SC, Jó PSB, & Wagar JL. Maternal and child correlates of anxiety in 2½-year-old children. Infant Behav Dev, 2010; 33, 567-78.
• 24. Letourneau NL, Duffett-Leger L, Levac L, Watson B, & Young-Morris C. Socioeconomic status and child development: A meta-analysis. J Emot Behav Disord, 2013; 21, 211-24.
• 25. Cyr C, Euser EM, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, & Van Ijzendoor MH. Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Dev Psychopathol, 2010; 22, 87-108.
• 26. Mesman J, van IJzendoorn MH, & Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Unequal in opportunity, equal in process: Parental sensitivity promotes positive child development in ethnic minority families. Child Dev Perspect, 2012; 6, 239-50.
• 27. Crugnola CR, Gazzott , Spinelli M, Ierardi E, Caprin C, ve Albizzat A. Maternal attachment influences mother–infant styles of regulation and play with objects at nine months. Attach Hum Dev, 2013; 15(2), 107-131.
• 28. Madigan S, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van Ijzendoorn MH, Moran G, Pederson DR, ve Benoit D. Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: A review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attach Hum Dev, 2006; 8(2), 89-111.
• 29. Verhage ML, Schuengel C, Madigan S, Fearon RM, Oosterman M, Cassibba R, ... ve van IJzendoorn MH. Narrowing the transmission gap: A synthesis of three decades of research on intergenerational transmission of attachment. Psychol Bull, 2016; 142(4), 337-366.
• 30. Stern JA, Fraley RC, Jones JD, Gross JT, Shaver PR, ve Cassidy J. Developmental processes across the first two years of parenthood: Stability and change in adult attachment style. Dev Psychol, 2018; 54(5), 975-988.
• 31. Jones JD, Cassidy J, ve Shaver PR. Parents’ self-reported attachment styles: A review of links with parenting behaviors, emotions, and cognitions. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 2015; 19(1), 44-76.
• 32. Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters E, & Wall S. Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 1978
• 33. Bowlby J. The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. Tavistock Publish, London, 1979
• 34. Goldberg S, Muir R, ve Kerr J. (Eds.) Attachment theory: Social development, and clinical perspectives. London: Routledge. 2013
• 35. Main M, & Solomon J. Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (p. 121–160). University of Chicago Press. 1990
• 36. van Ijzendoorn MH, Schuengel C, & Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Dev Psychopathol, 1999; 11(2), 225–249.
• 37. Muller ME. Prenatal and Postnatal Attachment: A Modest Correlation. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 1996; 25(2): 161-166.
• 38. Grace J. Development of maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy. Nurs Res, 1989; 38(4), 228-232.
• 39. Winnicott DW. Primary maternal preoccupation. In P. Mariotti (Ed.), The new library of psychoanalysis. The maternal lineage: Identification, desire and transgenerational issues (pp. 59-66). New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. 2012
• 40. Kennell JH, Slyter H, ve Klaus MH. The mourning response of parents to the death of a newborn infant. N Engl J Med, 1970; 283, 344 - 349.
• 41. Lumley JM. Through a glass darkly: Ultrasound and prenatal bonding. Birth. 1980; 17:214–217.
• 42. Siddiqui A, Hagglof B, Eisemann M. Own memories of upbringing as a determinant of prenatal attachment in expectant women. J Reprod Infant Psyc. 2000;18(1):67-74.
• 43. Alhusen JL, Gross D, Hayat MJ, Woods AB, Sharps PW. The influence of maternal-fetal attachment and health practices on neonatal outcomes in low-income, urban women. Res Nurs Health 2012; 35(2):112–120.
• 44. Alhusen JL, Hayat MJ, Gross D. A longitudinal study of maternal attachment and infant developmental outcomes. Arch Women Ment Health , 2013; 16(6):521–529
• 45. Van Bussel JCH, Spitz B, Demyttenaere K. Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the maternal antenatal attachment scale. Arch Womens Ment Health, 2010; 13(3):267–277
• 46. Zeanah CH, Boris NW, Larrieu JA. Infant Development And Developmental Risk: A Review Of The Past 10 Years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997; 36(2): 165-178.
• 47. Fearon RP, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Lapsley A-M, & Roisman GI. The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Dev, 2010; 81(2), 435–456.
• 48. Dykas MJ, Ziv Y, Cassidy J. Attachment and peer relations in adolescence. AttachHum Dev 2008;10(2):123–41.
• 49. Goodman G, Stroh M, Valdez A. Do attachment representations predict depres-sion and anxiety in psychiatrically hospitalized prepubertal children? Bull Menninger Clin 2012;76(3):260–289.
• 50. Khan F, Fraley RC, Young JF, ve Hankin BL. Developmental trajectories of attachment and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Attach Hum Dev, 2019; 1–17
• 51. Madigan S, Brumariu LE, Villani V, Atkinson L, ve Lyons-Ruth K. Representational and questionnaire measures of attachment: A meta-analysis of relations to child internalizing and externalizing problems. Psychol Bull, 2016; 142(4), 367–399.
• 52. Arguz Cildir D, Ozbek A, Topuzoglu A, Orcin E, ve Janbakhishov Evcen C. Association of prenatal attachment and early childhood emotional, behavioral, and developmental characteristics: A longitudinal study. Infant Ment Health J. 2019; 1-11
• 53. Punamäki RJ, Isosävi S, Qouta SR, Kuittinen S, ve Diab SY. War trauma and maternal–fetal attachment predicting maternal mental health, infant development, and dyadic interaction in Palestinian families. Attach Hum Dev, 2017; 19(5), 463– 486.