Research Article
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Türkiye’de İllerin Sağlık Endeksine Göre Sıralaması ve Sağlık Eşitsizlikleri

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 263 - 283, 06.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.1699088

Abstract

Sağlığın çok boyutlu yapısı nedeniyle, bileşik endeksler sağlık göstergelerini anlamlı bilgilere dönüştürme yöntemi olarak sağlık araştırmalarında popüler hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, hem sağlığın belirleyicilerini hem de sağlık çıktılarını dikkate alan bir bileşik sağlık endeksi kullanarak Türkiye’deki illeri sağlık durumlarına göre sıralamak ve sağlık eşitsizliklerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma kapsamında farklı kurumlar tarafından yayımlanan raporlar, kamuya açık veri tabanları ve çeşitli araştırma raporları veri kaynağı olarak incelenmiştir. Hiyerarşik bir düzenleme kullanılarak 29 değişken, alt boyutlar, boyutlar, alt endeksler ve bileşik sağlık endeksi olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Kuramsal çerçeve oluşturulduktan ve değişkenler yapılandırıldıktan sonra normalizasyon, ağırlıklandırma ve birleştirme işlemleri uygulanarak bileşik endeks oluşturulmuştur. İllerin sağlık endeksi puanlarına göre sınıflandırılmasının ardından sağlık eşitsizliklerinin değerlendirimesinde nicel ölçümler kullanılmıştır. Bileşik sağlık endeksinde Bolu, Karabük, Ankara, Trabzon ve İstanbul en yüksek sıraları alırken, Hakkari, Şanlıurfa, Muş, Ağrı ve Şırnak en düşük sıraları almıştır. Bileşik sağlık endeksi puanına göre iller sınıflandırıldığında en avantajlı ve en dezavantajlı sınıflar arasında mutlak olarak 44 puanlık, göreli olarak ise 2,17 kat fark saptanmıştır. Bileşik sağlık endeksimiz, Batı Anadolu, Ege, Akdeniz, Marmara ve Doğu Karadeniz bölgelerindeki illerin üst sınıflarda, Doğu ve Güneydoğu bölgelerindeki illerin ise alt sınıflarda bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışmamız sağlık değerlendirmelerinde bileşik endekslerin kullanılabilirliğini ortaya koyarak kanıta dayalı politikalara ve gelecekteki daha kapsamlı araştırmalara zemin hazırlamaktadır.

References

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  • Turkish Statistical Institute. Well-Being index for provinces [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Jun 22]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Illerde-Yasam-Endeksi-2015-24561
  • Alpaykut S. A study for analyzing well-being for provinces in Turkey by using principal component analysis and TOPSIS. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University of Social Sciences [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Jun 22];4(29):367–95. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3578219
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Industry and Technology. Socio-Economic Development Index 2017 [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Jun 24]. Available from: https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/merkez-birimi/b94224510b7b/sege/il-sege_raporlari
  • Yıldız A. Evaluation of health indicators of provinces in Turkey by using cluster analysis. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches. 2021;17(35):1607–25. DOI:10.26466/opus.841495.
  • Çelik Ş. Classification of provinces in Turkey according to health indicators by cluster analysis. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Jun 24];14(2):175–94. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2152062
  • Etiler N, Çolak B, Demirbaş İ. The accuracy of death certificates given at Kocaeli university hospital. Balkan Medical Journal [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2022 Jun 25] 2005(2):93–101. Available from: https://balkanmedicaljournal.org/uploads/pdf/pdf_ BMJ_1520.pdf
  • Pala K, Aydın N, İrgil E. Gemlik’te kırsal alanda 1999 yılında meydana gelen ölümlerin sağlık grup başkanlığı kayıtları ile karşılaştırılması. Sağlık ve Toplum. 2001;11(3):36–39.
  • Özdemir R, Rao C, Öcek Z, Horasan GD. Reliable mortality statistics for Turkey: Are we there yet?. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1–12. DOI:10.1186/s12889-015-1904-1.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Interior. Distribution of syrian refugees in the scope of temporary protection by province [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 21]. Available from: https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
  • Aygün A, Kırdar MG, Tuncay B. The effect of hosting 3.4 million refugees on native population mortality. J Health Econ. 2021;80:102534. DOI: 10.1016/j. jhealeco.2021.102534.
  • Verme P, Schuettler. The impact of forced displacement on host communities: A review of the empirical literature in economics. Journal of Development Economics. 2021;150:102606. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102606.

Ranking of Provinces According to the Health Index and Health Inequalities in Türkiye

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 263 - 283, 06.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.1699088

Abstract

Due to the multidimensional nature of health, composite indices have become popular in health research as a method to transform health indicators into meaningful information. This study aims to rank the provinces in Türkiye based on their health status and to uncover the health inequalities between provinces, using a composite health index that considers both health determinants and health outcomes. Within the scope of the study, publications from various organizations, publicly accessible databases and several research reports were reviewed as sources of data. A hierarchical arrangement was used to categorize the 29 variables into sub-dimensions, dimensions, sub-indexes, and composite health index. After establishing the theoretical framework and structuring the variables, the composite index was constructed by applying normalization, weighting, and aggregation processes. Following the classification of provinces by their health index scores, quantitative measurements were used to assess health inequalities. Bolu, Karabük, Ankara, Trabzon, and İstanbul ranked highest in the composite health index, while Hakkâri, Şanlıurfa, Muş, Ağrı, and Şırnak ranked lowest. When the provinces were classified based on the composite health index score, a difference of 44 points in absolute terms and a 2.17-fold difference in relative terms was found between the most advantaged and disadvantaged classes. Our composite health index showed that the provinces in Western Anatolia, Aegean, Mediterranean, Marmara, and Eastern Black Sea regions were in the top classes, whereas provinces in the Eastern and Southeastern regions were in the lower classes. Our study demonstrates the applicability of composite indices for health assessments, paving the way for evidence-based policies and more comprehensive future studies.

References

  • Badash I, Kleinman NP, Barr S, Jang J, Rahman S, Wu BW. Redefining health: the evolution of health ideas from antiquity to the era of value-based care. Cureus. 2017;9(2):e1018. DOI:10.7759/cureus.1018.
  • World Health Organization. Constitution of the World Health Organization. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1946;36(11):1315-23. DOI:10.2105/ajph.36.11.1315.
  • World Health Organization. Social determinants of health [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Jun 14]. Available from: https://who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health
  • Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2008;372(9650):1661–69. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6.
  • World Health Organization. Handbook on health inequality monitoring: With a special focus on low-and middle-income countries. 1st ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2013. 29 p.
  • Goodacre S, Collins C, Howard A, Konoroth J, Mathews E. Cambridge VCE health and human development. 4th ed. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2020. 20 p.
  • Pan American Health Organization. Health indicators. Conceptual and operational considerations. 1st ed. Washington, USA: PAHO; 2018. 6 p.
  • Peppard PE, Kindig DA, Dranger E, Jovaag A, Remington PL. Ranking community health status to stimulate discussion of local public health issues: The Wisconsin county health rankings. Am J of Public Health. 2008;98(2):209–12 DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2006.092981.
  • Farrugia N. Conceptual issues in constructing composite indices [Internet]. International Conference on Small States and Economic Resilience. 2007 [cited 2022 Jun 14]. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/187769075.pdf
  • OECD/European Union/EC-JRC. Handbook on constructing composite indicators: methodology and user guide. 1st ed. Paris, France: OECD Publishing; 2008.
  • Hubert M, Rousseeuw P, Branden KV. ROBPCA: A new approach to robust Principal component analysis. Technometrics. 2005;47(1):64–79. DOI:10.1198/004017004000000563.
  • Çağlar A, Keten ND. İllerin sağlık endeksi: Bileşik endeks yaklaşımı ile bir deneme. Duzce Medical Journal. 2019;21(1):42–53. DOI:10.18678/dtfd.521027.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. Well-Being index for provinces [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Jun 22]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Illerde-Yasam-Endeksi-2015-24561
  • Alpaykut S. A study for analyzing well-being for provinces in Turkey by using principal component analysis and TOPSIS. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University of Social Sciences [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Jun 22];4(29):367–95. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3578219
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Industry and Technology. Socio-Economic Development Index 2017 [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Jun 24]. Available from: https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/merkez-birimi/b94224510b7b/sege/il-sege_raporlari
  • Yıldız A. Evaluation of health indicators of provinces in Turkey by using cluster analysis. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches. 2021;17(35):1607–25. DOI:10.26466/opus.841495.
  • Çelik Ş. Classification of provinces in Turkey according to health indicators by cluster analysis. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2022 Jun 24];14(2):175–94. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2152062
  • Etiler N, Çolak B, Demirbaş İ. The accuracy of death certificates given at Kocaeli university hospital. Balkan Medical Journal [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2022 Jun 25] 2005(2):93–101. Available from: https://balkanmedicaljournal.org/uploads/pdf/pdf_ BMJ_1520.pdf
  • Pala K, Aydın N, İrgil E. Gemlik’te kırsal alanda 1999 yılında meydana gelen ölümlerin sağlık grup başkanlığı kayıtları ile karşılaştırılması. Sağlık ve Toplum. 2001;11(3):36–39.
  • Özdemir R, Rao C, Öcek Z, Horasan GD. Reliable mortality statistics for Turkey: Are we there yet?. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1–12. DOI:10.1186/s12889-015-1904-1.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Interior. Distribution of syrian refugees in the scope of temporary protection by province [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 21]. Available from: https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
  • Aygün A, Kırdar MG, Tuncay B. The effect of hosting 3.4 million refugees on native population mortality. J Health Econ. 2021;80:102534. DOI: 10.1016/j. jhealeco.2021.102534.
  • Verme P, Schuettler. The impact of forced displacement on host communities: A review of the empirical literature in economics. Journal of Development Economics. 2021;150:102606. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102606.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Social Determinants of Health, Public Health (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ali Dörtkol 0000-0002-5307-0008

Kayihan Pala 0000-0002-0983-4904

Publication Date November 6, 2025
Submission Date May 24, 2025
Acceptance Date July 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Dörtkol A, Pala K. Ranking of Provinces According to the Health Index and Health Inequalities in Türkiye. ESTUDAM Public Health Journal. 2025;10(3):263-8.

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