Osteoporosis and Microbiota
Year 2022,
Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 152 - 158, 22.09.2022
Münevver Aksoy
,
Gülsemin Ertürk Çelik
,
Yaprak Ustun
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an important problem with medical, communal and financial results. New methods are sought in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Current studies suggest that intestinal dysbiosis causes osteoporosis.
References
- Teitelbaum SL. Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science. 2000;289(5484):1504-8.
- Babür C, Özcan G. OPG/RANK/RANKL’ın periodontolojideki yeri. Gazi Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2010;27(2):137-44.
- Chen X, Wang Z, Duan N, Zhu G, Schwarz EM, Xie C. Osteoblast–osteoclast interactions. Connect Tissue Res 2018;59(2):99-107.
- McCloskey E, Rathi J, Heijmans S, et al. The osteoporosis treatment gap in patients at risk of fracture in European primary care: a multi-country cross-sectional observational study. Osteoporos Int 2021;32(2):251-259.
- Fraser L-A, Langsetmo L, Berger C, et al. Fracture prediction and calibration of a Canadian FRAX® tool: a population-based report from CaMos. Osteoporos Int 2011;22(3):829-37.
- Society NAM. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: 2006 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2006;13(3):340-367.
- Gelmeli D, İmamoğlu N. Osteoporoz, tedavi şekilleri ve farmakolojik tedavisindeki güncel gelişmeler. Bitirme Ödevi, TC Erciyes Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Kayseri. 2013.
- Watts NB, Bilezikian JP, Camacho PM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: executive summary of recommendations. Endocr Pract 2010;16(6):1016-1019.
- Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, Miller P, Thompson DE, Ross PD. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(4):1586-92.
- Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012 May 9;486(7402):222-227.
- Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. The human microbiome project. Nature 2007 Oct 18; 449(7164): 804–810.
- The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012 Jun 13;486(7402):207-214.
- Derrien M, Alvarez A-S, de Vos WM. The gut microbiota in the first decade of life. Trends Microbiol 2019;27(12):997-1010.
- Shardell M, Parimi N, Langsetmo L, et al. Comparing analytical methods for the gut microbiome and aging: gut microbial communities and body weight in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020;75(7):1267-1275.
- Buford TW. The gut microbiome and aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75(7):1229-1231.
- Langsetmo L, Johnson A, Demmer R, et al. The association between objectively measured physical activity and the gut microbiome among older community dwelling men. J Nutr Health Aging 2019;23(6):538-546.
- Ismail NA, Ragab SH, Abd ElBaky A, Shoeib AR, Alhosary Y, Fekry D. Frequency of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in gut microbiota in obese and normal weight Egyptian children and adults. Arch Med Sci 2011;7(3):501-507.
- Paone P, Cani PD. Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners? Gut 2020;69(12):2232-2243.
- Van Wijngaarden J, Doets E, Szczecińska A, et al. Vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine, and bone health in adults and elderly people: a systematic review with meta-analyses. J Nutr Metab;2013:486186.
- Tsugawa N, Shiraki M. Vitamin K nutrition and bone health. Nutrients 2020;12(7):1909.
- Locantore P, Del Gatto V, Gelli S, Paragliola RM, Pontecorvi A. The interplay between immune system and microbiota in osteoporosis. Mediators Inflamm 2020 Feb 26;2020:3686749. doi: 10.1155/2020/3686749.Mediators Inflamm 2020 Feb 26;2020:3686749. doi: 10.1155/2020/3686749.
- Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012;13(10):701-712.
- D’amelio P, Sassi F. Osteoimmunology: from mice to humans. Bonekey Rep 2016;18(5):802.
- Seely KD, Kotelko CA, Douglas H, Bealer B, Brooks AE. The human gut microbiota: a key mediator of osteoporosis and osteogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(17):9452.
- Zhang Y, Huang X, Sun K, Li M, Wang X, Han T, et al. The Potential Role of Serum IGF-1 and Leptin as Biomarkers: Towards Screening for and Diagnosing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. J Inflamm Res 2022;15:533-543.
- Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, Gordon JI. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature 2011;474(7351):327-336.
- Xu Q, Li D, Chen J, et al. Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and postmenopausal osteoporosis: Mechanisms and applications. Int Immunopharmacol 2022;110:108998.
- Wang J, Wang Y, Gao W, et al. Diversity analysis of gut microbiota in osteoporosis and osteopenia patients. PeerJ 2017;5:e3450. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3450.
- Orwoll ES, Parimi N, Wiedrick J, et al. Analysis of the Associations Between the Human Fecal Microbiome and Bone Density, Structure, and Strength: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Cohort. J Bone Miner Res 2022;37(4):597-607.
- He J, Xu S, Zhang B, et al. Gut microbiota and metabolite alterations associated with reduced bone mineral density or bone metabolic indexes in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12(9):8583-8604.
- Schwarzer M, Makki K, Storelli G, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum strain maintains growth of infant mice during chronic undernutrition. Science 2016;351(6275):854-857.
- Sjögren K, Engdahl C, Henning P, et al. The gut microbiota regulates bone mass in mice. J Bone Miner Res 2012;27(6):1357-1367.
- Cashman K. Calcium intake, calcium bioavailability and bone health. Br J Nutr 2002;87 Suppl 2:S169-77.
- Gomes J, Costa J, Alfenas R. Could the beneficial effects of dietary calcium on obesity and diabetes control be mediated by changes in intestinal microbiota and integrity? Br J Nutr 2015;114(11):1756-1765.
- Hua P, Xiong Y, Yu Z, Liu B, Zhao L. Effect of chlorella pyrenoidosa protein hydrolysate-calcium chelate on calcium absorption metabolism and gut microbiota composition in low-calcium diet-fed rats. Mar Drugs 2019;17(6):348.
- Liu C, Kuang X, Li K, Guo X, Deng Q, Li D. Effects of combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation on osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2020;11(12):10817-10827.
- Bellerba F, Muzio V, Gnagnarella P, et al. The association between vitamin D and gut microbiota: a systematic review of human studies. Nutrients 2021;13(10):3378.
- Yamauchi M, Sugimoto T, Yamaguchi T, et al. Plasma leptin concentrations are associated with bone mineral density and the presence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;55(3):341-347.
- Głogowska-Szeląg J, Kos-Kudła B, Marek B, Nowak M, Siemińska L. Assessment of selected adipocytokines in obese women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endokrynol Pol 2019;70(6):478-483.
- Legiran S, Brandi ML. Bone mass regulation of leptin and postmenopausal osteoporosis with obesity. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 2012;9(3):145-149.
- Queipo-Ortuño MI, Seoane LM, Murri M, et al. Gut microbiota composition in male rat models under different nutritional status and physical activity and its association with serum leptin and ghrelin levels. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e65465.
- Bizzoca D, Solarino G, Vicenti G, et al. Novel directions in the study of osteoporosis: Focus on gut microbiota as a potential therapeutic target. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2020;34(4 Suppl. 3):29-35.
- Baker JM, Al-Nakkash L, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Estrogen–gut microbiome axis: physiological and clinical implications. Maturitas 2017;103:45-53.
- Sui Y, Wu J, Chen J. The Role of Gut Microbial β-Glucuronidase in Estrogen Reactivation and Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:631552.
- Lephart ED, Naftolin F. Estrogen Action and Gut Microbiome Metabolism in Dermal Health. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022;12(7):1535-1550.
- Prince R, Dick I, Garcia-Webb P, Retallack R. The effects of the menopause on calcitriol and parathyroid hormone: responses to a low dietary calcium stress test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70(4):1119-1123.
- Kermgard E, Chawla NK, Wesseling-Perry K. Gut microbiome, parathyroid hormone, and bone. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021;30(4):418-423.
- Dempster DW, Cosman F, Kurland ES, et al. Effects of daily treatment with parathyroid hormone on bone microarchitecture and turnover in patients with osteoporosis: a paired biopsy study. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16(10):1846-1853.
- Locklin RM, Khosla S, Turner RT, Riggs BL. Mediators of the biphasic responses of bone to intermittent and continuously administered parathyroid hormone. J Cell Biochem 2003;89(1):180-190.
- Yu M, Malik Tyagi A, Li J-Y, et al. PTH induces bone loss via microbial-dependent expansion of intestinal TNF+ T cells and Th17 cells. Nat Commun 2020;11(1):468.
- Li J-Y, Yu M, Pal S, et al. Parathyroid hormone–dependent bone formation requires butyrate production by intestinal microbiota. J Clin Invest 2020;130(4):1767-1781.
- Rosen CJ. IGF-I and osteoporosis. Clin Lab Med 2000;20(3):591-602.
- Locatelli V, Bianchi VE. Effect of GH/IGF-1 on bone metabolism and osteoporsosis. Int J Endocrinol 2014;2014:235060.
- Kuemmerle JF. Insulin-like growth factors in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012;41(2):409-423.
- Yan J, Herzog JW, Tsang K, et al. Gut microbiota induce IGF-1 and promote bone formation and growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113(47):E7554-E7563.
- Zeng L, Yu G, Yang K, Hao W, Chen H. The improving effect and safety of probiotic supplements on patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:9924410.
- Pawlowski JW, Martin BR, McCabe GP, et al. Impact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102(3):695-703.
- Whisner CM, Martin BR, Nakatsu CH, et al. Soluble corn fiber increases calcium absorption associated with shifts in the gut microbiome: a randomized dose-response trial in free-living pubertal females. J Nutr 2016;146(7):1298-1306.
- García-Vieyra MI, Del Real A, López MG. Agave fructans: their effect on mineral absorption and bone mineral content. J Med Food 2014;17(11):1247-1255.
- Rivera-Huerta M, Lizárraga-Grimes VL, Castro-Torres IG, et al. Functional effects of prebiotic fructans in colon cancer and calcium metabolism in animal models. Biomed Res Int 2017;2017:9758982.
- Bryk G, Coronel MZ, Lugones C, et al. Effect of a mixture of GOS/FOS® on calcium absorption and retention during recovery from protein malnutrition: experimental model in growing rats. Eur J Nutr 2016;55(8):2445-2458.
- Jafarnejad S, Djafarian K, Fazeli MR, Yekaninejad MS, Rostamian A, Keshavarz SA. Effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on bone health in osteopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2017;36(7):497-506.
- Ding K, Hua F, Ding W. Gut microbiome and osteoporosis. Aging Dis 2020;11(2):438-447.
- Lambert MNT, Thybo CB, Lykkeboe S,et al. Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status and estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;106(3):909-920.
- Liu JH, Chen CY, Liu ZZ, et al. Extracellular vesicles from child gut microbiota enter into bone to preserve bone mass and strength. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021;8(9):2004831.
- Redondo-Lopez V, Cook RL, Sobel JD. Emerging role of lactobacilli in the control and maintenance of the vaginal bacterial microflora. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12(5):856-872.
- Martin DH. The microbiota of the vagina and its influence on women’s health and disease. Am J Med Sci 2012;343(1):2-9.
- Wang W, Hao J, An R. Abnormal vaginal flora correlates with pregnancy outcomes: A retrospective study from 737 pregnant women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022;272:64-68.
- Kim D-E, Kim J-K, Han S-K, Jang S-E, Han MJ, Kim D-H. Lactobacillus plantarum NK3 and Bifidobacterium longum NK49 alleviate bacterial vaginosis and osteoporosis in mice by suppressing NF-κ B-Linked TNF-α expression. J Med Food 2019;22(10):1022-1031.
Osteoporoz ve Mikrobiyota
Year 2022,
Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 152 - 158, 22.09.2022
Münevver Aksoy
,
Gülsemin Ertürk Çelik
,
Yaprak Ustun
Abstract
Osteoporoz tıbbi, toplumsal ve mali sonuçlarıyla önemli bir sorundur. Osteoporozun önlenmesinde ve tedavisinde yeni yöntemler aranmaktadır. Mevcut çalışmalar bağırsak disbiyozunun osteoporoza neden olduğu yönündedir.
References
- Teitelbaum SL. Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science. 2000;289(5484):1504-8.
- Babür C, Özcan G. OPG/RANK/RANKL’ın periodontolojideki yeri. Gazi Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2010;27(2):137-44.
- Chen X, Wang Z, Duan N, Zhu G, Schwarz EM, Xie C. Osteoblast–osteoclast interactions. Connect Tissue Res 2018;59(2):99-107.
- McCloskey E, Rathi J, Heijmans S, et al. The osteoporosis treatment gap in patients at risk of fracture in European primary care: a multi-country cross-sectional observational study. Osteoporos Int 2021;32(2):251-259.
- Fraser L-A, Langsetmo L, Berger C, et al. Fracture prediction and calibration of a Canadian FRAX® tool: a population-based report from CaMos. Osteoporos Int 2011;22(3):829-37.
- Society NAM. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: 2006 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2006;13(3):340-367.
- Gelmeli D, İmamoğlu N. Osteoporoz, tedavi şekilleri ve farmakolojik tedavisindeki güncel gelişmeler. Bitirme Ödevi, TC Erciyes Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Kayseri. 2013.
- Watts NB, Bilezikian JP, Camacho PM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: executive summary of recommendations. Endocr Pract 2010;16(6):1016-1019.
- Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, Miller P, Thompson DE, Ross PD. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(4):1586-92.
- Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 2012 May 9;486(7402):222-227.
- Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. The human microbiome project. Nature 2007 Oct 18; 449(7164): 804–810.
- The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012 Jun 13;486(7402):207-214.
- Derrien M, Alvarez A-S, de Vos WM. The gut microbiota in the first decade of life. Trends Microbiol 2019;27(12):997-1010.
- Shardell M, Parimi N, Langsetmo L, et al. Comparing analytical methods for the gut microbiome and aging: gut microbial communities and body weight in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020;75(7):1267-1275.
- Buford TW. The gut microbiome and aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75(7):1229-1231.
- Langsetmo L, Johnson A, Demmer R, et al. The association between objectively measured physical activity and the gut microbiome among older community dwelling men. J Nutr Health Aging 2019;23(6):538-546.
- Ismail NA, Ragab SH, Abd ElBaky A, Shoeib AR, Alhosary Y, Fekry D. Frequency of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in gut microbiota in obese and normal weight Egyptian children and adults. Arch Med Sci 2011;7(3):501-507.
- Paone P, Cani PD. Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners? Gut 2020;69(12):2232-2243.
- Van Wijngaarden J, Doets E, Szczecińska A, et al. Vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine, and bone health in adults and elderly people: a systematic review with meta-analyses. J Nutr Metab;2013:486186.
- Tsugawa N, Shiraki M. Vitamin K nutrition and bone health. Nutrients 2020;12(7):1909.
- Locantore P, Del Gatto V, Gelli S, Paragliola RM, Pontecorvi A. The interplay between immune system and microbiota in osteoporosis. Mediators Inflamm 2020 Feb 26;2020:3686749. doi: 10.1155/2020/3686749.Mediators Inflamm 2020 Feb 26;2020:3686749. doi: 10.1155/2020/3686749.
- Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012;13(10):701-712.
- D’amelio P, Sassi F. Osteoimmunology: from mice to humans. Bonekey Rep 2016;18(5):802.
- Seely KD, Kotelko CA, Douglas H, Bealer B, Brooks AE. The human gut microbiota: a key mediator of osteoporosis and osteogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(17):9452.
- Zhang Y, Huang X, Sun K, Li M, Wang X, Han T, et al. The Potential Role of Serum IGF-1 and Leptin as Biomarkers: Towards Screening for and Diagnosing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. J Inflamm Res 2022;15:533-543.
- Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, Gordon JI. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature 2011;474(7351):327-336.
- Xu Q, Li D, Chen J, et al. Crosstalk between the gut microbiota and postmenopausal osteoporosis: Mechanisms and applications. Int Immunopharmacol 2022;110:108998.
- Wang J, Wang Y, Gao W, et al. Diversity analysis of gut microbiota in osteoporosis and osteopenia patients. PeerJ 2017;5:e3450. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3450.
- Orwoll ES, Parimi N, Wiedrick J, et al. Analysis of the Associations Between the Human Fecal Microbiome and Bone Density, Structure, and Strength: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Cohort. J Bone Miner Res 2022;37(4):597-607.
- He J, Xu S, Zhang B, et al. Gut microbiota and metabolite alterations associated with reduced bone mineral density or bone metabolic indexes in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12(9):8583-8604.
- Schwarzer M, Makki K, Storelli G, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum strain maintains growth of infant mice during chronic undernutrition. Science 2016;351(6275):854-857.
- Sjögren K, Engdahl C, Henning P, et al. The gut microbiota regulates bone mass in mice. J Bone Miner Res 2012;27(6):1357-1367.
- Cashman K. Calcium intake, calcium bioavailability and bone health. Br J Nutr 2002;87 Suppl 2:S169-77.
- Gomes J, Costa J, Alfenas R. Could the beneficial effects of dietary calcium on obesity and diabetes control be mediated by changes in intestinal microbiota and integrity? Br J Nutr 2015;114(11):1756-1765.
- Hua P, Xiong Y, Yu Z, Liu B, Zhao L. Effect of chlorella pyrenoidosa protein hydrolysate-calcium chelate on calcium absorption metabolism and gut microbiota composition in low-calcium diet-fed rats. Mar Drugs 2019;17(6):348.
- Liu C, Kuang X, Li K, Guo X, Deng Q, Li D. Effects of combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation on osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2020;11(12):10817-10827.
- Bellerba F, Muzio V, Gnagnarella P, et al. The association between vitamin D and gut microbiota: a systematic review of human studies. Nutrients 2021;13(10):3378.
- Yamauchi M, Sugimoto T, Yamaguchi T, et al. Plasma leptin concentrations are associated with bone mineral density and the presence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;55(3):341-347.
- Głogowska-Szeląg J, Kos-Kudła B, Marek B, Nowak M, Siemińska L. Assessment of selected adipocytokines in obese women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endokrynol Pol 2019;70(6):478-483.
- Legiran S, Brandi ML. Bone mass regulation of leptin and postmenopausal osteoporosis with obesity. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 2012;9(3):145-149.
- Queipo-Ortuño MI, Seoane LM, Murri M, et al. Gut microbiota composition in male rat models under different nutritional status and physical activity and its association with serum leptin and ghrelin levels. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e65465.
- Bizzoca D, Solarino G, Vicenti G, et al. Novel directions in the study of osteoporosis: Focus on gut microbiota as a potential therapeutic target. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2020;34(4 Suppl. 3):29-35.
- Baker JM, Al-Nakkash L, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Estrogen–gut microbiome axis: physiological and clinical implications. Maturitas 2017;103:45-53.
- Sui Y, Wu J, Chen J. The Role of Gut Microbial β-Glucuronidase in Estrogen Reactivation and Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:631552.
- Lephart ED, Naftolin F. Estrogen Action and Gut Microbiome Metabolism in Dermal Health. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022;12(7):1535-1550.
- Prince R, Dick I, Garcia-Webb P, Retallack R. The effects of the menopause on calcitriol and parathyroid hormone: responses to a low dietary calcium stress test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70(4):1119-1123.
- Kermgard E, Chawla NK, Wesseling-Perry K. Gut microbiome, parathyroid hormone, and bone. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021;30(4):418-423.
- Dempster DW, Cosman F, Kurland ES, et al. Effects of daily treatment with parathyroid hormone on bone microarchitecture and turnover in patients with osteoporosis: a paired biopsy study. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16(10):1846-1853.
- Locklin RM, Khosla S, Turner RT, Riggs BL. Mediators of the biphasic responses of bone to intermittent and continuously administered parathyroid hormone. J Cell Biochem 2003;89(1):180-190.
- Yu M, Malik Tyagi A, Li J-Y, et al. PTH induces bone loss via microbial-dependent expansion of intestinal TNF+ T cells and Th17 cells. Nat Commun 2020;11(1):468.
- Li J-Y, Yu M, Pal S, et al. Parathyroid hormone–dependent bone formation requires butyrate production by intestinal microbiota. J Clin Invest 2020;130(4):1767-1781.
- Rosen CJ. IGF-I and osteoporosis. Clin Lab Med 2000;20(3):591-602.
- Locatelli V, Bianchi VE. Effect of GH/IGF-1 on bone metabolism and osteoporsosis. Int J Endocrinol 2014;2014:235060.
- Kuemmerle JF. Insulin-like growth factors in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012;41(2):409-423.
- Yan J, Herzog JW, Tsang K, et al. Gut microbiota induce IGF-1 and promote bone formation and growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113(47):E7554-E7563.
- Zeng L, Yu G, Yang K, Hao W, Chen H. The improving effect and safety of probiotic supplements on patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:9924410.
- Pawlowski JW, Martin BR, McCabe GP, et al. Impact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102(3):695-703.
- Whisner CM, Martin BR, Nakatsu CH, et al. Soluble corn fiber increases calcium absorption associated with shifts in the gut microbiome: a randomized dose-response trial in free-living pubertal females. J Nutr 2016;146(7):1298-1306.
- García-Vieyra MI, Del Real A, López MG. Agave fructans: their effect on mineral absorption and bone mineral content. J Med Food 2014;17(11):1247-1255.
- Rivera-Huerta M, Lizárraga-Grimes VL, Castro-Torres IG, et al. Functional effects of prebiotic fructans in colon cancer and calcium metabolism in animal models. Biomed Res Int 2017;2017:9758982.
- Bryk G, Coronel MZ, Lugones C, et al. Effect of a mixture of GOS/FOS® on calcium absorption and retention during recovery from protein malnutrition: experimental model in growing rats. Eur J Nutr 2016;55(8):2445-2458.
- Jafarnejad S, Djafarian K, Fazeli MR, Yekaninejad MS, Rostamian A, Keshavarz SA. Effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on bone health in osteopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2017;36(7):497-506.
- Ding K, Hua F, Ding W. Gut microbiome and osteoporosis. Aging Dis 2020;11(2):438-447.
- Lambert MNT, Thybo CB, Lykkeboe S,et al. Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status and estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;106(3):909-920.
- Liu JH, Chen CY, Liu ZZ, et al. Extracellular vesicles from child gut microbiota enter into bone to preserve bone mass and strength. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021;8(9):2004831.
- Redondo-Lopez V, Cook RL, Sobel JD. Emerging role of lactobacilli in the control and maintenance of the vaginal bacterial microflora. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12(5):856-872.
- Martin DH. The microbiota of the vagina and its influence on women’s health and disease. Am J Med Sci 2012;343(1):2-9.
- Wang W, Hao J, An R. Abnormal vaginal flora correlates with pregnancy outcomes: A retrospective study from 737 pregnant women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022;272:64-68.
- Kim D-E, Kim J-K, Han S-K, Jang S-E, Han MJ, Kim D-H. Lactobacillus plantarum NK3 and Bifidobacterium longum NK49 alleviate bacterial vaginosis and osteoporosis in mice by suppressing NF-κ B-Linked TNF-α expression. J Med Food 2019;22(10):1022-1031.