Gebelikte egzersiz ve beslenme

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 97 - 105, 28.12.2023

Asena Kübra Akbaba , Fırat Akça

https://doi.org/10.46969/EZH.1392225

Abstract

Sedanter yaşam tarzındaki artış daha fazla kadının hamileliğe aşırı kilolu veya obez olarak girmesine yol açmakta ve birçoğu hamilelik sırasında da aşırı kilo almaktadır. 2011-2014 yılları arasında yapılan bir araştırmada doğurganlık çağındaki (20-39 yaş arası) ABD’li kadınların %34,4’ünün fazla kilolu veya obez olduğu görülmüştür. 2016 yılında doğum yapan 18 - 24 yaşları arasındaki kadınların %21’i, 25 -34 yaşları arasındaki kadınların %23’ü ve 35 - 44 yaşları arasındaki kadınların %24’ünün obez olduğu bildirilmiştir. Gebelikte aşırı kilo alımı kronik hastalık yükünü artırırken anne ve bebek sağlığını riske atmaktadır. Bu potansiyel risklerden bazıları; gestasyonel hipertansiyon, preeklampsi, gestasyonel diyabet ve erken doğumdur. 2009 IOM yönergelerine göre; düşük kilolu kadınlar için önerilen gestasyonel ağırlık kazanımı (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) 12,5-18 kg, normal kilolu kadınlar için (BMI:18,5-24,9 kg / m2) 11,5 -16 kg, fazla kilolu kadınlar için (BMI: 25,0-29,9 kg/m2) 7-11,5 kg ve obez kadınlar için (BMI >30,0 kg/m2) 5-9 kg’dır. Literatürde gebelikte aşırı kilo alımını önlemek için yalnızca beslenme, yalnızca egzersiz veya beslenme ile eş zamanlı egzersiz müdahalesi çalışmaları olduğu görülmektedir. Gebelerde yalnızca beslenme müdahalesi çalışmaları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede düşük gestasyonel ağırlık kazanımı ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Kılavuzlardaki gestasyonel ağırlık kazanımı oranlarına ulaşmaya yardımcı olma olasılığı en yüksek yöntemin beslenme olduğu bildirilmiştir (p = 0,013). Sadece egzersiz (p = 0,069) ve beslenme ve egzersiz (p = 0,056) müdahaleleri gestasyonel ağırlık kazanımını kontrol etme potansiyeline sahiptir ancak birçok çalışmada sonuçlar istatistiksel anlamlılığa ulaşamamıştır. Çalışmalardaki farklı beslenme stratejilerine rağmen müdahaleler evrensel olarak; meyve ve sebze tüketiminin artırılmasını, yüksek yağ ve şeker tüketiminin azaltılmasını önermektedir.

Keywords

gebelik, egzersiz, beslenme

Exercise and nutrition in pregnancy

Abstract

The increase in sedentary lifestyles means that more and more women are overweight or obese at the start of pregnancy, and many also gain excessive weight during pregnancy. A study conducted between 2011 and 2014 found that 34.4% of women in the United States of childbearing age (20-39 years) were overweight or obese. In 2016, 21% of women aged 18-24, 23% of women aged 25-34 and 24% of women aged 35-44 who gave birth were classified as obese. Excessive weight gain during pregnancy increases the burden of chronic disease and jeopardizes maternal and infant health. Some of these potential risks include gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm labor. According to the 2009 International Organization for Migration (IOM) guidelines, the recommended weight gain during pregnancy is 12.5-18 kg for underweight women (body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2), 11.5-16 kg for normal weight women (BMI: 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), 7-11.5 kg for overweight women (BMI: 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) and 5-9 kg for obese women (BMI > 30.0 kg/m2). There are studies in the literature looking at diet only, exercise only or diet and exercise to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy. In pregnant women, diet-only studies resulted in statistically significantly less weight gain during pregnancy. Diet was the method most likely to help achieve pregnancy weight gain guidelines (p = 0.013). Exercise alone (p = 0.069) and diet and exercise (p = 0.056) have the potential to control weight gain during pregnancy, but the results did not reach statistical significance in many studies. Despite the different dietary strategies in the individual studies, it is generally recommended to increase the consumption of fruit and vegetables and reduce the consumption of fat and sugar.

Keywords

pregnancy, exercise, nutrition

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