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Cumulative effect of phytase and vitamin D supplementation on performance and bone mineralization in broiler

Year 2015, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 102 - 108, 01.06.2015

Abstract

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of phytase and vitamin D supplementation in low phosphorous diet on performance and bone mineralization in broiler. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 8 groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H) with 3 subgroups in each, comprising 10 birds in each subgroup. Group A was fed normal basal diet having normal phosphorous ratio (Control) and group B was fed diet without inorganic phosphorous and phytase supplementation (Negative control). Group C, D E were offered diet containing only three levels of phytase (250, 500, 750 phytase unit (FTU)/kg feed) and group F, G and H were offered diets having three levels of phytase (250, 500, 750 FTU/kg feed) in combination of vitamin D3 (4000, 5000, 6000 IU/kg feed) respectively. Results: The phytase and vitamin D3 supplemented groups (particularly, supplementation of 500 FTU/kg plus 5000 IU/kg) showed increased (P<0.05) live weight gain, dressing percentage, keel and shank length, toe and tibia ash percentage, calcium and phosphorous level in blood plasma; improved (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio as compared to the group A and B. Moreover, supplementation of phytase and vitamin D3 at 500 FTU/kg plus 5000 IU/kg was most economical as cost/kg live weight than 250 and 750 FTU/kg diet supplementation. Conclusion: It may be concluded that 500 FTU/kg phytase + 5000 IU/kg vitamin D3 supplementation to low-P diet improved growth performance, carcass weight and bone mineralization in broilers.

References

  • Ahmad T, Rasool S, Sarwar M, Haq A, Hasan Z, 2000. Effect of microbial phytase produced from a fungus Aspergillus niger on bioavailability of phosphorus and calcium in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 83, 103-114.
  • Ahmed T, Rasool S, Sarwar M, Hasan Z, 2004. Performance of broiler on phytase supplementation soybean meal based diet. Int J Poult Sci, 3, 266-271.
  • Aksakal DH, Bilal T, 2002. Effects of microbial phytase and 1.25-dihidroxycholecalciferol on the absorption of minerals from broiler chicken diets containing different levels of calcium. Acta Vet Hung, 1, 307-313.
  • Angel R, Saylor WW, Mitchell AD, Powers W, Applegate TJ, 2007. Effect of dietary phosphorous, phytase, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on broiler chicken bone mineralization, nutrient utilization, and excreta quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 87, 1200-1211.
  • AOAC, 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th edition, AOAC International Maryland, 4, 1-41.
  • Atia FA, Waibel PE, Hermes I, Carlson CW, Walser MM, 2000. Effect of dietary phosphorus, calcium, and phytase on performance of growing turkeys. Poult Sci, 79, 231-239.
  • Bedford MR, Adeola O, Onyango EM, 2005. Efficacy of an evolved Escherichia coli phytase in diets of broiler chicks. Poult Sci, 84, 248-255.
  • Biehl RR, Emmeert JL, Baker DH, 1997. Iron bioavailability in soybean meal as affected by supplemental phytase and a-hydroxycholecalciferol. Poult Sci, 10, 1424-1427.
  • Boling F, Peter CM, Douglas MW, Snow L, Parson CM, Baker DH, 2001. Efficacy of phytase for increasing protein efficiency ratios of feed ingredients. Poult Sci, 80, 1578-1584.
  • Bozkurt M, Cabuk M, Alcicek A, 2006. The effect of microbial phytase in broiler grower diets containing low phosphorous, energy and protein. J Poult Sci, 43, 29-34.
  • Broz J, Oldal P, Schuldz J, Nunes CS, 1997. Effects of supplemental phytase on performance and phosphorous utilization in broiler chickens fed low P diet without addition of inorganic phosphates. Br Poult Sci, 35, 273-280.
  • Cabahug S, Ravindran V, Selle PH, Bryden WL, 1999. Response of broiler chickens to microbial phytase as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorus levels. Br Poult Sci, 40, 660-666.
  • Cufadar Y, Bahtiyarca Y, 2004. The effect of phytase to diets with variable zinc and low phosphorous content on performance, carcass characteristics and bone mineralization of broilers. Med Vet, 155, 355-361.
  • Denbow DM, Ravindran V, Kornegay ET, Yi Z, Hulet RM, 1995. Improving phosphorus availability in soyabean meal for broilers by supplemental phytase. Poult Sci, 74, 1831- 1842.
  • Dilger RN, Onyango EM, Sands JS, Adeola O, 2004. Evaluation of microbial phytase in broiler. Poult Sci, 83, 962-970.
  • Driver JP, Peti GM, Bakalli RI, Edwards HM, 2006. The effect of feeding calcium and phosphorous deficient diets to broiler chickens during starting, growing and finishing phases on carcass quality. Poult Sci, 85, 1939-46.
  • Duncan DB, 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11, 1-42.
  • Edwards HM, 2002. Dietary 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol supplementation increases natural phytate phosphorus utilization in chickens. J Nutr, 123, 567-577.
  • Fritts CA, Kersey JH, Saleh EA and Raboy V, Waldroup PW, 2003. Non phytate phosphorous requirement and phosphorous excretion of broiler chicks fed diets with and without microbial phytase. Poult Sci, 13, 1451-1459.
  • Kies AK, Van Hermert KHF, Sauer WC, 2001. Effects of phytase on protein and amino acid digestibility and energy utilization. World’s Poult Sci J, 57, 109-126.
  • Kwon N, Han KI, Kim SW, Shin SI, Sohn KS, 1995. Effect of microbial phytase on performance, nutrient utilization and phosphorous excretion of broiler chicks fed corn-soy diet. Korean J Anim Sci, 37, 539-555.
  • Leeson S, Summers JD, 1984. Influence of nutritional modification on skeletal size of Leghorn and broiler breeder pullets. Poult Sci, 63, 1222-1228.
  • Leeson S, Summers JD, 2005. Commercial Poultry Nutrition, 3rd edition, University Books, Guelph, Canada, p: 80.
  • Lilburn, MS, Ngiam-Rilling K, Myers-Miller DJ, 1989. Growth and development of broiler breeders. 2. Independent effects of dietary formulation versus body weight on skeletal and muscle growth. Poult Sci, 68, 1274-1281.
  • Lim HS, Namkung H, Um JH, Kang KR, klim BS, Paik IK, 2001. The effects of phytase supplementation on performance of broiler chicks fed diets with different levels of non-phytate phosphorous. J Aust Sci, 14, 250-257.
  • Manangi MK, Coon CN, 2006. Evaluation of phytase enzyme with chicks fed basal diets containing different soybean meal samples. Poult Sci, 90, 2013-2023
  • Mohammad A, Gibney MJ, Taylor TG, 1991. The effects of dietary levels of inorganic phosphorous, calcium and Cholecalciferol on the digestibility of phytate - P by broiler chicks. Br J Nut, 66, 251-259.
  • Mondal MK, Panda S, Biswas P, 2007. Effect of microbial phytase in soybean meal based broiler diets containing low phosphorous. Int J Poult Sci, 6, 201-206.
  • Namkung H, Leeson S, 1999. Effect of phytase enzyme on dietary nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and ileal digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in broiler chicks. Poult Sci, 78, 1317-1319.
  • National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th revised edition, National Academy Press, Washington, USA, pp: 45.
  • Onyango EM, Bedford MR, Adeola O, 2005. Efficacy of an evolved Escherichia coli phytase in diets of broiler chicks. Poult, Sci, 84, 248–255.
  • Pillai PB, Conner- Dennie TO, Owens CM, Emmert JL, 2006. Efficacy of an E. coli phytase in broiler fed adequate or reduced phosphorus diets and its effects on carcass characteristics. Poult Sci, 85, 1200-1211.
  • Qian H, Kornegay ET, Denbow DM, 1997. Utilization of phytate phosphorus and calcium as influenced by microbial phytase, cholecalciferol, and the calcium: total phosphorus ratio in broiler diets. Poult Sci, 76, 37-46.
  • Ravindran V, Bryden WL, Kornegay ET, 2006. Phytases: Occurrence, bioavailability and implication in poultry nutrition. Poult Avian Biol Rev, 6, 125-143.
  • Rezaei M, Borbor S, Zaghari M, Teimouri A, 2007. Effect of Phytase supplementation on nutrients availability and performance of broiler chicks. Int J Poultry Sci, 6, 55-58. Richter G, 1994. Phytase decreases phosphorus excretion in poulty. Poult Abst, 20, 1994.
  • Santos FR, Hruby M, Pierson EEM, Remus JC, Sakomura NK, 2008. Effect of phytase supplementation in diets on nutrient digestibility and performance in broiler chicks. J Appl Poult Res, 17, 191-201.
  • Saylor WW, Dhandu AS, Powers W, Applegate TJ, 2005. Effects of dietary phosphorous phytase and 25-hydroxy Cholecalciferol on performance of broiler. Poult Sci, 84, 1031-1044.
  • Scheideler SE, 2000. Phytase in broiler rations effect on carcass yield and incidence of tibialdyschondroplasia. J Appl Poult Res, 9, 468-475.
  • Sebastian S, Touchburn SP, Chavez ER, Lague PC, 1997. Apparent digestibility of protein and amino acids in broiler chickens fed a corn-soybean diet supplemented with microbial phytase. Poult Sci, 76, 1760-1769.
  • Shafey TM, McDonald MW, Pym RAE, 1990. Effects of dietary calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin D on growth rate, food utilization, plasma and bone constituents and calcium and phosphorus retention of commercial broiler strains. Br Poult Sci, 31, 587-602.
  • Steel, RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA, 1997. Principles and procedures of statistics: A Biometrial Approach. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., NewYork, USA, pp: 481.
  • Tang HO, Gao XH, Ji F, Tong S , Li XJ, 2012. Effects of a thermostable phytase on the growth performance and bone mineralization of broilers. J Appl Poult Res, 21, 476-483.
  • Waldroup PW, Kersey JH, Saleh EA, Raboy V, 2000. Non phytate phosphorous requirement and phosphorous excretion of broiler chicks fed diets with and without microbial phytase. Poult Sci, 13, 1451-1459.
  • Watson BC, Matthews JO, Southern LL, Shelton J, 2006. The interactive effects of Eimeriaacervulina infection and phytase in broiler chicks. Poult Sci, 84, 910-913.
  • Watson BC, Matthews JO, Southern LL, Shelton JL, 2006. The effects of phytase on growth performance and intestinal transit time of broilers fed nutritionally adequate diets and diets deficient in calcium and phosphorous. Poult Sci, 85, 493-497.

Fitaz ve vitamin D ilavesinin broylerlerde performans ve kemik mineralizasyonu üzerine kümülatif etkisi

Year 2015, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 102 - 108, 01.06.2015

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı düşük düzeyde fosfor içeren rasyonlarla beslenen broylerlere fitaz ve vitamin D ilavesi yapılmasının performans ve kemik mineralizasyonu üzerindeki etkinliğinin belirlenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada toplam 240 adet günlük yaşta civciv, her birinde 10 adet civciv bulunan 3 tekerrürlü 8 gruba ayrıldı (A, B, C, D, E, F, G ve H). Grup A içerisinde normal oranda fosfor bulunan temel rasyonla beslendi (Kontrol), Grup B inorganik fosfor ve fitaz ilavesi yapılmayan rasyonla beslendi (Negatif kontrol). Grup C, D ve E’nin rasyonları ise sırasıyla yalnızca 3 düzeyde fitaz içerirken (250, 500, 750 fitaz birimi (FTU)/kg yem); F, G ve H grupları yine sırasıyla 3 düzeyde fitazın yanı sıra (250, 500, 750 FTU/kg yem), vitamin D3’ü (4000, 5000, 6000 IU/kg yem) de içerdi. Bulgular: Çalışmada fitaz ve vitamin D3 ilave edilen gruplarda (özellikle, 500 FTU/kg fitaz + 5000 IU/kg vitamin D3 ilave edilen grup) A ve B gruplarından daha fazla canlı ağırlık artışı, karkas randımanı, sternum ile bacak uzunlukları, ayak ve tibia kül yüzdesi ile kalsiyum ve fosfor düzeyi belirlenirken (P

References

  • Ahmad T, Rasool S, Sarwar M, Haq A, Hasan Z, 2000. Effect of microbial phytase produced from a fungus Aspergillus niger on bioavailability of phosphorus and calcium in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 83, 103-114.
  • Ahmed T, Rasool S, Sarwar M, Hasan Z, 2004. Performance of broiler on phytase supplementation soybean meal based diet. Int J Poult Sci, 3, 266-271.
  • Aksakal DH, Bilal T, 2002. Effects of microbial phytase and 1.25-dihidroxycholecalciferol on the absorption of minerals from broiler chicken diets containing different levels of calcium. Acta Vet Hung, 1, 307-313.
  • Angel R, Saylor WW, Mitchell AD, Powers W, Applegate TJ, 2007. Effect of dietary phosphorous, phytase, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on broiler chicken bone mineralization, nutrient utilization, and excreta quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 87, 1200-1211.
  • AOAC, 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th edition, AOAC International Maryland, 4, 1-41.
  • Atia FA, Waibel PE, Hermes I, Carlson CW, Walser MM, 2000. Effect of dietary phosphorus, calcium, and phytase on performance of growing turkeys. Poult Sci, 79, 231-239.
  • Bedford MR, Adeola O, Onyango EM, 2005. Efficacy of an evolved Escherichia coli phytase in diets of broiler chicks. Poult Sci, 84, 248-255.
  • Biehl RR, Emmeert JL, Baker DH, 1997. Iron bioavailability in soybean meal as affected by supplemental phytase and a-hydroxycholecalciferol. Poult Sci, 10, 1424-1427.
  • Boling F, Peter CM, Douglas MW, Snow L, Parson CM, Baker DH, 2001. Efficacy of phytase for increasing protein efficiency ratios of feed ingredients. Poult Sci, 80, 1578-1584.
  • Bozkurt M, Cabuk M, Alcicek A, 2006. The effect of microbial phytase in broiler grower diets containing low phosphorous, energy and protein. J Poult Sci, 43, 29-34.
  • Broz J, Oldal P, Schuldz J, Nunes CS, 1997. Effects of supplemental phytase on performance and phosphorous utilization in broiler chickens fed low P diet without addition of inorganic phosphates. Br Poult Sci, 35, 273-280.
  • Cabahug S, Ravindran V, Selle PH, Bryden WL, 1999. Response of broiler chickens to microbial phytase as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorus levels. Br Poult Sci, 40, 660-666.
  • Cufadar Y, Bahtiyarca Y, 2004. The effect of phytase to diets with variable zinc and low phosphorous content on performance, carcass characteristics and bone mineralization of broilers. Med Vet, 155, 355-361.
  • Denbow DM, Ravindran V, Kornegay ET, Yi Z, Hulet RM, 1995. Improving phosphorus availability in soyabean meal for broilers by supplemental phytase. Poult Sci, 74, 1831- 1842.
  • Dilger RN, Onyango EM, Sands JS, Adeola O, 2004. Evaluation of microbial phytase in broiler. Poult Sci, 83, 962-970.
  • Driver JP, Peti GM, Bakalli RI, Edwards HM, 2006. The effect of feeding calcium and phosphorous deficient diets to broiler chickens during starting, growing and finishing phases on carcass quality. Poult Sci, 85, 1939-46.
  • Duncan DB, 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11, 1-42.
  • Edwards HM, 2002. Dietary 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol supplementation increases natural phytate phosphorus utilization in chickens. J Nutr, 123, 567-577.
  • Fritts CA, Kersey JH, Saleh EA and Raboy V, Waldroup PW, 2003. Non phytate phosphorous requirement and phosphorous excretion of broiler chicks fed diets with and without microbial phytase. Poult Sci, 13, 1451-1459.
  • Kies AK, Van Hermert KHF, Sauer WC, 2001. Effects of phytase on protein and amino acid digestibility and energy utilization. World’s Poult Sci J, 57, 109-126.
  • Kwon N, Han KI, Kim SW, Shin SI, Sohn KS, 1995. Effect of microbial phytase on performance, nutrient utilization and phosphorous excretion of broiler chicks fed corn-soy diet. Korean J Anim Sci, 37, 539-555.
  • Leeson S, Summers JD, 1984. Influence of nutritional modification on skeletal size of Leghorn and broiler breeder pullets. Poult Sci, 63, 1222-1228.
  • Leeson S, Summers JD, 2005. Commercial Poultry Nutrition, 3rd edition, University Books, Guelph, Canada, p: 80.
  • Lilburn, MS, Ngiam-Rilling K, Myers-Miller DJ, 1989. Growth and development of broiler breeders. 2. Independent effects of dietary formulation versus body weight on skeletal and muscle growth. Poult Sci, 68, 1274-1281.
  • Lim HS, Namkung H, Um JH, Kang KR, klim BS, Paik IK, 2001. The effects of phytase supplementation on performance of broiler chicks fed diets with different levels of non-phytate phosphorous. J Aust Sci, 14, 250-257.
  • Manangi MK, Coon CN, 2006. Evaluation of phytase enzyme with chicks fed basal diets containing different soybean meal samples. Poult Sci, 90, 2013-2023
  • Mohammad A, Gibney MJ, Taylor TG, 1991. The effects of dietary levels of inorganic phosphorous, calcium and Cholecalciferol on the digestibility of phytate - P by broiler chicks. Br J Nut, 66, 251-259.
  • Mondal MK, Panda S, Biswas P, 2007. Effect of microbial phytase in soybean meal based broiler diets containing low phosphorous. Int J Poult Sci, 6, 201-206.
  • Namkung H, Leeson S, 1999. Effect of phytase enzyme on dietary nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and ileal digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in broiler chicks. Poult Sci, 78, 1317-1319.
  • National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th revised edition, National Academy Press, Washington, USA, pp: 45.
  • Onyango EM, Bedford MR, Adeola O, 2005. Efficacy of an evolved Escherichia coli phytase in diets of broiler chicks. Poult, Sci, 84, 248–255.
  • Pillai PB, Conner- Dennie TO, Owens CM, Emmert JL, 2006. Efficacy of an E. coli phytase in broiler fed adequate or reduced phosphorus diets and its effects on carcass characteristics. Poult Sci, 85, 1200-1211.
  • Qian H, Kornegay ET, Denbow DM, 1997. Utilization of phytate phosphorus and calcium as influenced by microbial phytase, cholecalciferol, and the calcium: total phosphorus ratio in broiler diets. Poult Sci, 76, 37-46.
  • Ravindran V, Bryden WL, Kornegay ET, 2006. Phytases: Occurrence, bioavailability and implication in poultry nutrition. Poult Avian Biol Rev, 6, 125-143.
  • Rezaei M, Borbor S, Zaghari M, Teimouri A, 2007. Effect of Phytase supplementation on nutrients availability and performance of broiler chicks. Int J Poultry Sci, 6, 55-58. Richter G, 1994. Phytase decreases phosphorus excretion in poulty. Poult Abst, 20, 1994.
  • Santos FR, Hruby M, Pierson EEM, Remus JC, Sakomura NK, 2008. Effect of phytase supplementation in diets on nutrient digestibility and performance in broiler chicks. J Appl Poult Res, 17, 191-201.
  • Saylor WW, Dhandu AS, Powers W, Applegate TJ, 2005. Effects of dietary phosphorous phytase and 25-hydroxy Cholecalciferol on performance of broiler. Poult Sci, 84, 1031-1044.
  • Scheideler SE, 2000. Phytase in broiler rations effect on carcass yield and incidence of tibialdyschondroplasia. J Appl Poult Res, 9, 468-475.
  • Sebastian S, Touchburn SP, Chavez ER, Lague PC, 1997. Apparent digestibility of protein and amino acids in broiler chickens fed a corn-soybean diet supplemented with microbial phytase. Poult Sci, 76, 1760-1769.
  • Shafey TM, McDonald MW, Pym RAE, 1990. Effects of dietary calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin D on growth rate, food utilization, plasma and bone constituents and calcium and phosphorus retention of commercial broiler strains. Br Poult Sci, 31, 587-602.
  • Steel, RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA, 1997. Principles and procedures of statistics: A Biometrial Approach. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., NewYork, USA, pp: 481.
  • Tang HO, Gao XH, Ji F, Tong S , Li XJ, 2012. Effects of a thermostable phytase on the growth performance and bone mineralization of broilers. J Appl Poult Res, 21, 476-483.
  • Waldroup PW, Kersey JH, Saleh EA, Raboy V, 2000. Non phytate phosphorous requirement and phosphorous excretion of broiler chicks fed diets with and without microbial phytase. Poult Sci, 13, 1451-1459.
  • Watson BC, Matthews JO, Southern LL, Shelton J, 2006. The interactive effects of Eimeriaacervulina infection and phytase in broiler chicks. Poult Sci, 84, 910-913.
  • Watson BC, Matthews JO, Southern LL, Shelton JL, 2006. The effects of phytase on growth performance and intestinal transit time of broilers fed nutritionally adequate diets and diets deficient in calcium and phosphorous. Poult Sci, 85, 493-497.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA57KA55MK
Journal Section Research
Authors

Saeed Ahmed This is me

Muhammad Mehran This is me

Anjum Khalique This is me

Khalid Javed This is me

Abdur Rahman This is me

Sajid Umar This is me

Sami Ullah This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 31 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ahmed, S., Mehran, M., Khalique, A., Javed, K., et al. (2015). Cumulative effect of phytase and vitamin D supplementation on performance and bone mineralization in broiler. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 31(2), 102-108.
AMA Ahmed S, Mehran M, Khalique A, Javed K, Rahman A, Umar S, Ullah S. Cumulative effect of phytase and vitamin D supplementation on performance and bone mineralization in broiler. Eurasian J Vet Sci. June 2015;31(2):102-108.
Chicago Ahmed, Saeed, Muhammad Mehran, Anjum Khalique, Khalid Javed, Abdur Rahman, Sajid Umar, and Sami Ullah. “Cumulative Effect of Phytase and Vitamin D Supplementation on Performance and Bone Mineralization in Broiler”. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 31, no. 2 (June 2015): 102-8.
EndNote Ahmed S, Mehran M, Khalique A, Javed K, Rahman A, Umar S, Ullah S (June 1, 2015) Cumulative effect of phytase and vitamin D supplementation on performance and bone mineralization in broiler. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 31 2 102–108.
IEEE S. Ahmed, “Cumulative effect of phytase and vitamin D supplementation on performance and bone mineralization in broiler”, Eurasian J Vet Sci, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 102–108, 2015.
ISNAD Ahmed, Saeed et al. “Cumulative Effect of Phytase and Vitamin D Supplementation on Performance and Bone Mineralization in Broiler”. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 31/2 (June 2015), 102-108.
JAMA Ahmed S, Mehran M, Khalique A, Javed K, Rahman A, Umar S, Ullah S. Cumulative effect of phytase and vitamin D supplementation on performance and bone mineralization in broiler. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 2015;31:102–108.
MLA Ahmed, Saeed et al. “Cumulative Effect of Phytase and Vitamin D Supplementation on Performance and Bone Mineralization in Broiler”. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, vol. 31, no. 2, 2015, pp. 102-8.
Vancouver Ahmed S, Mehran M, Khalique A, Javed K, Rahman A, Umar S, Ullah S. Cumulative effect of phytase and vitamin D supplementation on performance and bone mineralization in broiler. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 2015;31(2):102-8.