Statin-associated myopathy: a general overview

Abstract

Among the amazing turn of events in preventing and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases since the discovery of statins, thousand of physicians started to prescribe it as a regular life-long treatment, but regarding the expanding number of patients on statin therapy, a wide spectrum of side effects started to appear. Statin-associated myopathy considered as one of the most common side effects and could be subtle for a long time, we performed a review to provide a clinical summary of statin-associated myopathy and to discuss possible mechanisms of risk factors and management of statin-associated myopathy. 

Keywords

• Statin-associated myopathy,myalgia,myositis,rhabdomyolysis

References

1. [1] Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee; Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016;133:e38-360.
2. [2] Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-78.
3. [3] Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, at al; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1012-22.
4. [4] Hansen KE, Hildebrand JP, Ferguson EE, Stein JH. Outcomes in 45 patients with statin-associated myopathy. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2671-6.
5. [5] Thompson PD, Clarkson P, Karas RH. Statin-associated myopathy. JAMA 2003;289:1681-90.
6. [6] Sathasivam S, Lecky B. Statin induced myopathy. BMJ 2008;337:a2286.
7. [7] Rosenson RS, Baker SK, Jacobson TA, Kopecky SL, Parker BA, The National Lipid Association's Muscle Safety Expert Panel. An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update. J Clin Lipidol 2014;8(3 Suppl):S58-71.
8. [8] Fernandez G, Spatz ES, Jablecki C, Phillips PS. Statin myopathy: a common dilemma not reflected in clinical trials. Cleve Clin J Med 2011;78:393-403.

9. [9] Abd TT, Jacobson TA. Statin-induced myopathy: a review and update. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011;10:373-87.
10. [10] Tomaszewski M, Stępień KM, Tomaszewska J, Czuczwar SJ. Statin-induced myopathies. Pharmacol Rep 2011;63:859-66.
11. [11] Best tests: Investigating myalgia in patients taking statins, The Best Practice Advocacy Centre New Zealand (bpacnz). August 2014.
12. [12] de Sauvage Nolting PR, Buirma RJ, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJ; Dutch ExPRESS Investigator Group. Two-year efficacy and safety of simvastatin 80 mg in familial hypercholesterolemia (the Examination of Probands and Relatives in Statin Studies With Familial Hypercholesterolemia [ExPRESS FH]). Am J Cardiol 2002;90:181-4.
13. [13] Bruckert E, Hayem G, Dejager S, Yau C, Bégaud B. Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients--the PRIMO study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2005;19:403-14.
14. [14] Staffa JA, Chang J, Green L. Cerivastatin and reports of fatal rhabdomyolysis. N Engl J Med 2002;346:539-40.
15. [15] Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, Andrade SE, Schech SD, La Grenade L, et al. Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 2004;292:2585-90.
16. [16] Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, Andrade SE, Schech SD, La Grenade L, et al. Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 2004;292:2585-90.
17. [17] Joy TR, Hegele RA. Narrative review: statin-related myopathy. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:858-68.
18. [18] Jacobson TA. NLA Task Force on Statin Safety--2014 update. J Clin Lipidol 2014;8(3 Suppl):S1-4.
19. [19] Vrablik M, Zlatohlavek L, Stulc T, Adamkova V, Prusikova M, Schwarzova L, et al. Statin-associated myopathy: from genetic predisposition to clinical management. Physiol Res 2014;63 Suppl 3:S327-34.
20. [20] Parker BA, Thompson PD. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle: exercise, myopathy, and muscle outcomes. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2012;40:188-94.
21. [21] Schuster B. Monitorıng of creatine kinase (CK) in patients on statin therapy. The Rx Files: Q&A Summary, March 2002.
22. [22] Husband A. Managing statin-induced myopathy. Clin Pharmacist 2009;1:319-20.