The correlation between primary dysmenorrhea and oxidative stress markers in adolescents

Abstract

Objectives: Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological complaint in adolescent girls. Among many factors, oxidative stress (OS) is thought to be a potential factor in the etiology of primary dysmenorrhea. In this study, it is thought that the use of IMA, thiol, and disulfide levels as a diagnostic marker in primary dysmenorrhea and antioxidant interventions may play a role in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea and may benefit the pathophysiological and treatment process of the disease.

Methods: Thirty adolescent girls (study group) with grade 2.3 primary dysmenorrhea who applied to outpatient clinic and 30 healthy young girls (control group) of similar age group were included in the study. Primary dysmenorrhea grade was analyzed with the help of the visual analog scale (VAS) and verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS). Patient`s basal hormone levels in the early follicular phase, serum albumin, IMA, total thiol, native thiol, disulfide, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) were recorded as main parameters.

Results: Oxidative stress markers were compared between the primary dysmenorrhea and control groups. Although albumin, IMA, and disulfide levels were higher on average in the group with dysmenorrhea, the difference was not statistically significant. Disulfide level was found to be significantly higher in the group with CA125 ≥ 35.

Conclusions: In our study, we examined serum albumin, IMA, total thiol, native thiol and disulfide levels in two groups resuts were not statistically significant. In this study, we concluded that as the CA125 level increased, the disulfide level increased in parallel.

Keywords

• Adolescents
• dysmenorrhea
• Oxidative Stress

References

1. 1. Wilson CA, Keye WR, Jr. A survey of adolescent dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptom frequency. A model program for prevention, detection, and treatment. J Adolesc Health Care 1989;10:317-22.
2. 2. Pawlowski B. Prevalence of menstrual pain in relation to the reproductive life history of women from the Mayan rural community. Ann Human Biol 2004;31:1-8.
3. 3. Hillen TI, Grbavac SL, Johnston PJ, Straton JA, Keogh JM. Primary dysmenorrhea in young Western Australian women: prevalence, impact, and knowledge of treatment. J Adolesc Health 1999;25:40-5.
4. 4. Willman EA, Collins WP, Clayton SG. Studies in the involvement of prostaglandins in uterine symptomatology and pathology. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976;83:337-41.
5. 5. Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:428-41.
6. 6. Campbell MA, McGrath PJ. Use of medication by adolescents for the management of menstrual discomfort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:905-13.
7. 7. McCord JM. Human disease, free radicals, and the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Clin Biochem 1993;26:351-7.
8. 8. Ustundag Y, Huysal K, Kahvecioglu S, Demirci H, Yavuz S, Sambel M, et al. Establishing reference values and evaluation of an in-house ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) colorimetric assay in microplates. Eur Res J 2016;2:126-31.

9. 9. Bar-Or D, Rael LT, Bar-Or R, Slone DS, Mains CW, Rao NK, et al. The cobalt-albumin binding assay: insights into its mode of action. Clin Chim Acta 2008;387:120-7.
10. 10. Ustun Y, Engin-Ustun Y, Ozturk O, Alanbay I, Yaman H. Ischemia-modified albumin as an oxidative stress marker in preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:418-21.
11. 11. Erel O, Neselioglu S. A novel and automated assay for thiol/disulphide homeostasis. Clin Biochem 2014;47:326-32.
12. 12. Dean RT, Fu S, Stocker R, Davies MJ. Biochemistry and pathology of radical-mediated protein oxidation. Biochem J 1997;324(Pt 1):1-18.
13. 13. Kaplan O, Naziroglu M, Guney M, Aykur M. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug modulates oxidative stress and calcium ion levels in the neutrophils of patients with primary dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Immunol 2013;100:87-92.
14. 14. Orimadegun BE, Awolude OA, Agbedana EO. Markers of lipid and protein peroxidation among Nigerian university students with dysmenorrhea. Niger J Clin Pract 2019;22:174-80.
15. 15. Turhan N, Celik H, Duvan CI, Onaran Y, Aydin M, Armutcu F. Investigation of oxidative balance in patients with dysmenorrhea by multiple serum markers. J Turk German Gynecol Assoc 2012;13:233-6.
16. 16. Dikensoy E, Balat O, Pence S, Balat A, Cekmen M, Yurekli M. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and adrenomedullin levels in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008;34:1049-53.
17. 17. Nafstad P, Stray-Pedersen B, Solvberg M, Tangen T. [Menarche and menstruation problems among teenagers in Oslo 1993]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1995;115:604-6. [Article in Norwegian]
18. 18. Sundell G, Milsom I, Andersch B. Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in young women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:588-94.
19. 19. Pullon S, Reinken J, Sparrow M. Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea in Wellington women. N Z Med J 1988;101:52-4.