Review
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Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 55 - 69, 04.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.365221

Abstract

References

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How to diagnose neuropathy in diabetes mellitus?

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 55 - 69, 04.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.365221

Abstract

Diabetic neuropathy is a common problem and can
present various clinical presentations such as cranial neuropathy,
radiculopathy, plexopathy, mononeuropathy, polyneuropathy and autonomic
neuropathy. Clinical evaluation and use of scoring systems for the evaluation of
diabetic polyneuropathy is an important step to get correct diagnosis.
New
informations about the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy continue to emerge,
which will lead to correct diagnosis and treatment as well. Diabetic
length-dependent
sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) and carpal tunnel syndrome are the most
common seen problems.
While acute
and painful situations with motor weakness are mostly transient, sensory fibres
are predominantly involved in chronic ones.
Nerve conduction studies are
needed to confirm diagnosis of any type of diabetic neuropathy, but they are
normal in cases with small fiber involvement.
The early diagnosis is crucial because it is well-known that
subclinical diabetic neuropathy may be reversed or significantly improved with
diabetes control. Because neuropathy at the stage
in which only small fibers are affected can be reversed, it is important to
diagnose DSPN in these stages. Skin biopsy taken from the dermatomal area of
sural nerve,
laser-doppler-imager
flare technique, corneal confocal microscopy are used to assess small fibre dysfunction. The aim of
the present review was to evaluate evidence-based diagnosis for any type of
neuropathy seen in the patients with diabetes mellitus.

References

  • [1] Deli G, Bosnyak E, Pusch G, Komoly S, Feher G. Diabetic neuropathies: diagnosis and management. Neuroendocrinology 2013;98:267-80.
  • [2] Thomas PK. Classification, differential diagnosis and staging of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes 1997;46:54-7.
  • [3] Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, et al.; American Diabetes Association. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005;28:956-62.
  • [4] Gupta A, Gupta Y. Diabetic neuropathy: Part 1. J Pak Med Assoc 2014;64:714-8.
  • [5] Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, Litchy WJ, Klein R, Pach JM, et al. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. Neurology 1993;43:817-24.
  • [6] Pasnoor M, Dimachkie MM, Kluding P, Barohn RJ. Diabetic neuropathy part 1: overview and symmetric phenotypes. Neurol Clin 2013;31:425-45.
  • [7] Tesfaye S, Boulton AJM, Dyck PJ, Freeman R, Horowitz M, Kempler P, et al.; Toronto Diabetic Neuropathy Expert Group. Diabetic Neuropathies: Update on Definitions, Diagnostic Criteria, Estimation of Severity, and Treatments. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2285-93.
  • [8] Dyck PJ, Davies JL, Clark VM, Litchy WJ, Dyck PJ, Klein CJ, et al. Modeling chronic glycemic exposure variables as correlates and predictors of microvascular complications of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2282-8.
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  • [10] Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047-53.
  • [11] Zilliox L, Russell JW. Treatment of diabetic sensory polyneuropathy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2011;13:143-59.
  • [12] Smith AG, Russell J, Feldman EL, Goldstein J, Peltier A, Smith S, et al. Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1294-9.
  • [13] Albers JW, Herman WH, Pop-Busui R, Martin CL, Cleary P, Waberski B; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications (EDIC) Research Group. Subclinical neuropathy among Diabetes Control and Complications Trial participants without diagnosable neuropathy at trial completion: possible predictors of incident neuropathy? Diabetes Care 2007;30:2613-8.
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  • [17] Meijer JWG, van Sonderen E, Blaauwwiekel EE, Smit AJ, Groothoff JW, Eisma WH, et al. Diabetic neuropathy examination: A hierarchical scoring system to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:750-3.
  • [18] Meijer JW, Smit AJ, Sonderen EV, Groothoff JW, Eisma WH, Links TP. Symptom scoring systems to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes: The Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom score. Diabet Med 2002;19:962-5.
  • [19] Shehab DK, Al-Jarallah KF, Abraham M, Mojiminiyi OA, Al-Mohamedy H, Abdella NA. Back to basics: ankle reflex in the evaluation of peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. QJM 2012;105:315-20.
  • [20] Vrancken AF, Kalmijn S, Brugman F, Rinkel GJ, Notermans NC. The meaning of distal sensory loss and absent ankle reflexes in relation to age: a meta-analysis. J Neurol 2006;253:578-89.
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  • [22] Siao P, Cros DP. Quantitative sensory testing. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2003;14:261-86.
  • [23] Perkins BA, Olaleye D, Zinman B, Bril V. Simple screening tests for peripheral neuropathy in the diabetes clinic. Diabetes Care 2001;24:250-6.
  • [24] Krishnan STM, Quattrini C, Jeziorska M, Malik RA, Rayman G. Abnormal LDIflare but Normal Quantitative Sensory Testing and Dermal Nerve Fiber Density in Patients with Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2009;32:451-5.
  • [25] Feng Y, Schlösser FJ, Sumpio BE. The Semmes Weinstein monofilament examination is a significant predictor of the risk of foot ulceration and amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Vasc Surg 2011;53:220-6.
  • [26] Feng Y, Schlösser FJ, Sumpio BE. The Semmes Weinstein monofilament examination as a screening tool for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Vasc Surg 2009;50:675-82.
  • [27] Cheng WY, Jiang YD, Chuang LM, Huang CN, Heng LT, Wu HP, et al. Quantitative sensory testing and risk factors of diabetic sensory neuropathy. J Neurol 1999;246:394-8.
  • [28] Smieja M, Hunt DL, Edelman D, Etchells E, Cornuz J, Simel D L.; for the International Cooperative Group for Clinical Examination Research. Clinical examination for the detection of protective sensation in the feet of diabetic patients. J Gen Intern Med 1999;14:418-24.
  • [29] Blankenburg M, Boekens H, Hechler T, Maier C, Krumova E, Scherens A, et al. Reference values for quantitative sensory testing in children and adolescents: developmental and gender differences of somatosensory perception. Pain 2010;149:76-88.
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  • [31] Hirschfeld G, von Glischinski M, Blankenburg M, Zernikow B. Screening for peripheral neuropathies in children with diabetes: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2014;133:1324-30.
  • [32] Kaku M, Vinik A, Simpson DM. Pathways in the diagnosis and management of diabetic polyneuropathy. Curr Diab Rep 2015;15:35.
  • [33] Oyer D, Saxon D, Shah A. Quantitative assessment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with use of the clanging tuning fork test. Endocr Pract 2007;13:5-10.
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There are 104 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Abdulkadir Koçer 0000-0003-2866-555X

Publication Date April 4, 2018
Submission Date December 13, 2017
Acceptance Date December 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Koçer A. How to diagnose neuropathy in diabetes mellitus?. Eur Res J. April 2018;4(2):55-69. doi:10.18621/eurj.365221

e-ISSN: 2149-3189 


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