Research Article
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Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 5, 894 - 904, 04.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.430761

Abstract

References

  • [1] The Loomba Foundation. The Global Widows Report 2015. A Global Overview of Deprivation Faced by Widows and Their Children. London. Loomba House. 2015.
  • [2] The caribbean current. Plight of widows in the global arena. 2012; Retrieved feb. 10, 2017 via https://thecaribbeancurrent.com/plight-of-widows-in-the-global-arena/
  • [3] Vasa RA, Pine DS. Anxiety disorders. In Child and adolescent psychopathology: Theoretical and clinical implications. 78-112. New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor Francis Group. 2006.
  • [4] Kano R, Kondo N. Social Withdrawal of Young People, Psychosocial Background, Pathology and Treatment Aid. Iwasaki Gakujyutu Shuppan, Tokyo. 2000.
  • [5] Geller J, Janson P, McGovern E, Valdini A. Loneliness as a predictor of hospital emergency department use. J Fam Pract 1999;48:801-4.
  • [6] Victor CR, Scambler SJ, Shah S, Cook DG, Harris T, Rink E, et al. Has loneliness amongst older people increased? An investigation into variations between cohorts. Ageing Soc 2002;22:585-97.
  • [7] Alpass FM, Neville S. Loneliness, health and depression in older males. Aging Ment Health 2003;7:212-6.
  • [8] Cohen-Mansfield J, Parpura-Gill A. Loneliness in older persons: a theoretical model and empirical findings. Int Psychogeriatr 2007;21:410-29.
  • [9] Rubin K, Bukowski W, Parker J. Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In W. Damon, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.) Handbook of child psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development 6th ed.,. New York: Wiley. 2006.
  • [10] Hymel S, Woody E, Bowker A. Social withdrawal in childhood: Considering the child’s perspective. In KH Rubin, JB Asendorpf (Eds.) Social withdrawal, inhibition, & shyness in childhood Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1993. pp. 237-62.
  • [11] Megan CJ, Galit N, Douglas AK. Leisure patterns and health among recently widowed adults. Act Adapt Aging 2008;32:19-39.
  • [12] Agena T. The Impact of the Nigerian civil war on Tiv soldiers of central Nigeria. In Armstrong MA (ed.) The Nigerian civil war: Forty years after. Makurdi, Aboki Publishers. 2008.
  • [13] Alubo O. Ethnic conflicts and citizenship crisis in the central region. Ibadan, Eddy Asae Nigerian Press. 2006.
  • [14] Hembe GN, Tarka JS. The dilemma of ethnic minority politics in Nigeria. Makurdi, Aboki Publishers. 2003.
  • [15] Suberu R. Ethnic minority conflicts and government in Nigeria, Ibadan, Spectrum Books. 1996.
  • [16] Anifowose R. Violence and politics in Nigeria: The Tiv and Yoruba experience. New York, Nob Publishers International. 1982.
  • [17] Akogun K, Obi P, Sowole J. Police HQ Bombing: Nine victims handed over to police. This Day Newspaper, Sunday, June 19, 2011.
  • [18] Onojovwo D. Six killed, 22 injured as bombers hit media houses. National Mirror Newspaper, Friday, April 27, 2012.
  • [19] Alli Y. Boko Haram strikes again as Kaduna count losses. The Nation Newspaper, Tuesday, April, 10, 2012.
  • [20] Adamu LD. 2 Profs, 17 others Killed in BUK attack. Daily Trust Newspaper, Monday, April, 30, 2012.
  • [21] Eweluka UU. Post-colonialism, gender, customary injustice: Widows in African societies. Hum Rights Q 2002;24:424-86.
  • [22] Afolayan GE. Widowhood practices and the rights of women. The case of South-Western Nigeria. Erasmus: International Institute of Social Studies. 2011.
  • [23] Jakobsson U, Hallberg IR. Loneliness, fear, and quality of life among elderly in Sweden: a gender perspective. Ageing Clin Exp Res 2005;17:494-501.
  • [24] Findley RA. Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: where is the evidence? Aging Soc 2003;23:647-58.
  • [25] Sander R. Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion activities. Nurs Older People 2005;17:40.
  • [26] Hawton A, Green C, Dickens A, Richards S. Taylor R, Edwards R, et al. The impact of social isolation on the health status and health-related quality of life of older people. Qual Life Res 2011;20:57-67.
  • [27] Victor M, Adeniyi, EF. Cognitive behaviour techniques for primary insomnia: A non-randomized study among university students. Int J Med Sci Appl Biosci 2017;2;137-52.
  • [28] Victor M, Balarabe M, Mohammed IA, Umaru Y. Cognitive behaviour and relaxation techniques: a comparative study among university students in Nigeria with primary insomnia. Arch Curr Res Int 2018;13;1-11.
  • [29] Mark MM, Gamble C. Experiments, quasi-experiments and ethics. In DM. Mertens PE. Ginsberg eds, Handbook of social research ethics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2009. pp. 198-213.
  • [30] Max, M, Lynn, J. Interactive textbook on clinical symptom research. United States. Department of Health and Human Services. 2003.
  • [31] VanVoohis CR, Morgan, BL. Understanding power and rules of thumb for determining sample sizes. Tutor Quant Methods Psychol 2007;3:43-50.
  • [32] De Winter JFC. Using student’s t test with extremely small sample size. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 2015; 18 (10). Retrieved January 15, 2016 from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=18&n=10.
  • [33] Carney CE, Harris AL, Moss TG, Edinger JD. Distinguishing rumination from worry in clinical insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2010;48:540-6.
  • [34] Vitiello MV, Rybarczyk B, Von Korff M, Stepanski EJ. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia improves sleep and decreases pain in older adults with co-morbid insomnia and osteoarthritis. J Clin Sleep Med 2009;5:355-62.
  • [35] Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Participant Recruitment for Research. 2012. Available:http://healthit.ahrq.gov/ahrq­funded­projects/emerging­lessons/participant­recruitment­research.
  • [36] Borkovec TD, Nau SD. Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatr 1972;3:257-60.
  • [37] Russell D. The UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess 1996;66:20-40.
  • [38] Doane LD, Adam EK. Loneliness and cortisol: momentary, day to day, and trait associations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010;35:430-41.
  • [39] Pressman SD, Cohen S, Miller GE, Barkin A, Rabin BS, Treanor JJ. Loneliness, social network size and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychol 2005;24:297-306.
  • [40] Seeman TE. Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. Am J Health Promot 2000;14:362-70.
  • [41] Harris KR, Graham S, Reid R, McElroy K, Hamby RS. Self-monitoring of attention versus self-monitoring of performance: replication and cross-task comparison studies. Learn Disabil Q 1994;17:121-39.
  • [42] Jolivette K, Ramsey M. Students with emotional and behavioral disorders can manage their own behavior. Teach Except Child 2006;39:14-21.
  • [43] Carr S, Punzo R. The effects of self-monitoring of academic accuracy and productivity in the performance of students with behavioral disorder. Behav Disord 1993;18:241-50.
  • [44] Stevens J. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (3rd edn). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1996.
  • [45] Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed., Boston: Pearson Education. 2013.
  • [46] Craanen PM. The Effect of a Self-Monitoring Treatment Intervention Package on the Academic Productivity Behavior of Three High Schools Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the School of Teaching, Learning and Leadership in the College of Education at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida. 2013.
  • [47] Cassidy B. Self-monitoring to Improve Academic Success for a High School Student Identified with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Running Head; College of Education and Human Development University of Southern Maine. 2010.
  • [48] Hughes C, Agran M, Copeland SR, Wehmeyer ML, Rodi MS, Presley JA. Using Self-Monitoring to Improve Performance in General Education. 2002.
  • [49] Carr DC, Kail BL, Matz-Costa C, Shavit YZ. Does becoming a volunteer attenuates loneliness among recently widowed older adults? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2018;73:501-10.
  • [50] Constantino RE, Sekula LK, Rubinstein EN. Group Intervention for widowed survivors of suicide. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 2001;31:428-41.
  • [51] Onrust AS, Willemse G, Van den Bout J, Cuijpers P. Effects of visiting service for older widowed individuals: a randomized clinical trial. Death Stud 2010;34:777-803.

Social disconnectedness among widows in Nigeria: probing the effects of self-monitoring intervention

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 5, 894 - 904, 04.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.430761

Abstract

Objectives: There could be no group more affected by
social disconnectedness than widows and many who suffer from social
disconnectedness live a lonely life, suffer depression, anxiety, low self-esteem
and self-worth, and are hunted by the constant thought of suicide. Developing
an intervention to provide reprieve may help widows take back their lives. This
article therefore, presents the results of a study probing the effectiveness of
self-monitoring intervention in reducing social disconnectedness among the
widows in Kaduna state, Nigeria.

Methods: The study used the quasi-experimental method
involving pretest and posttest. The data were collected using Social
Disconnectedness Questionnaire from 47 widows in the treatment group and 45
widows in the waitlist control group. The mean age of the participants (42.33 ±
6.38 years [95%CI = 41.02-43.63], range; 28.0-56.0 years).

Results: Analysis of the data suggests that
self-monitoring intervention is significantly effective in reducing social
disconnectedness behaviour problem among the widows in the study area. After
eight weeks of self-monitoring intrevention, social disconnectedness behaviour
among the widows reduced by 39% compared to 5.63% observed in the waitlist
control group.







Conclusions: The outcome adds to the literature as
one of few studies investigating self-monitoring intervention among widows and
calls for increased probing to establish the efficacy of self-monitoring in
reducing social disconnectedness in widows in Nigeria and elsewhere in the
world.

References

  • [1] The Loomba Foundation. The Global Widows Report 2015. A Global Overview of Deprivation Faced by Widows and Their Children. London. Loomba House. 2015.
  • [2] The caribbean current. Plight of widows in the global arena. 2012; Retrieved feb. 10, 2017 via https://thecaribbeancurrent.com/plight-of-widows-in-the-global-arena/
  • [3] Vasa RA, Pine DS. Anxiety disorders. In Child and adolescent psychopathology: Theoretical and clinical implications. 78-112. New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor Francis Group. 2006.
  • [4] Kano R, Kondo N. Social Withdrawal of Young People, Psychosocial Background, Pathology and Treatment Aid. Iwasaki Gakujyutu Shuppan, Tokyo. 2000.
  • [5] Geller J, Janson P, McGovern E, Valdini A. Loneliness as a predictor of hospital emergency department use. J Fam Pract 1999;48:801-4.
  • [6] Victor CR, Scambler SJ, Shah S, Cook DG, Harris T, Rink E, et al. Has loneliness amongst older people increased? An investigation into variations between cohorts. Ageing Soc 2002;22:585-97.
  • [7] Alpass FM, Neville S. Loneliness, health and depression in older males. Aging Ment Health 2003;7:212-6.
  • [8] Cohen-Mansfield J, Parpura-Gill A. Loneliness in older persons: a theoretical model and empirical findings. Int Psychogeriatr 2007;21:410-29.
  • [9] Rubin K, Bukowski W, Parker J. Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In W. Damon, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.) Handbook of child psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development 6th ed.,. New York: Wiley. 2006.
  • [10] Hymel S, Woody E, Bowker A. Social withdrawal in childhood: Considering the child’s perspective. In KH Rubin, JB Asendorpf (Eds.) Social withdrawal, inhibition, & shyness in childhood Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1993. pp. 237-62.
  • [11] Megan CJ, Galit N, Douglas AK. Leisure patterns and health among recently widowed adults. Act Adapt Aging 2008;32:19-39.
  • [12] Agena T. The Impact of the Nigerian civil war on Tiv soldiers of central Nigeria. In Armstrong MA (ed.) The Nigerian civil war: Forty years after. Makurdi, Aboki Publishers. 2008.
  • [13] Alubo O. Ethnic conflicts and citizenship crisis in the central region. Ibadan, Eddy Asae Nigerian Press. 2006.
  • [14] Hembe GN, Tarka JS. The dilemma of ethnic minority politics in Nigeria. Makurdi, Aboki Publishers. 2003.
  • [15] Suberu R. Ethnic minority conflicts and government in Nigeria, Ibadan, Spectrum Books. 1996.
  • [16] Anifowose R. Violence and politics in Nigeria: The Tiv and Yoruba experience. New York, Nob Publishers International. 1982.
  • [17] Akogun K, Obi P, Sowole J. Police HQ Bombing: Nine victims handed over to police. This Day Newspaper, Sunday, June 19, 2011.
  • [18] Onojovwo D. Six killed, 22 injured as bombers hit media houses. National Mirror Newspaper, Friday, April 27, 2012.
  • [19] Alli Y. Boko Haram strikes again as Kaduna count losses. The Nation Newspaper, Tuesday, April, 10, 2012.
  • [20] Adamu LD. 2 Profs, 17 others Killed in BUK attack. Daily Trust Newspaper, Monday, April, 30, 2012.
  • [21] Eweluka UU. Post-colonialism, gender, customary injustice: Widows in African societies. Hum Rights Q 2002;24:424-86.
  • [22] Afolayan GE. Widowhood practices and the rights of women. The case of South-Western Nigeria. Erasmus: International Institute of Social Studies. 2011.
  • [23] Jakobsson U, Hallberg IR. Loneliness, fear, and quality of life among elderly in Sweden: a gender perspective. Ageing Clin Exp Res 2005;17:494-501.
  • [24] Findley RA. Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: where is the evidence? Aging Soc 2003;23:647-58.
  • [25] Sander R. Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion activities. Nurs Older People 2005;17:40.
  • [26] Hawton A, Green C, Dickens A, Richards S. Taylor R, Edwards R, et al. The impact of social isolation on the health status and health-related quality of life of older people. Qual Life Res 2011;20:57-67.
  • [27] Victor M, Adeniyi, EF. Cognitive behaviour techniques for primary insomnia: A non-randomized study among university students. Int J Med Sci Appl Biosci 2017;2;137-52.
  • [28] Victor M, Balarabe M, Mohammed IA, Umaru Y. Cognitive behaviour and relaxation techniques: a comparative study among university students in Nigeria with primary insomnia. Arch Curr Res Int 2018;13;1-11.
  • [29] Mark MM, Gamble C. Experiments, quasi-experiments and ethics. In DM. Mertens PE. Ginsberg eds, Handbook of social research ethics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2009. pp. 198-213.
  • [30] Max, M, Lynn, J. Interactive textbook on clinical symptom research. United States. Department of Health and Human Services. 2003.
  • [31] VanVoohis CR, Morgan, BL. Understanding power and rules of thumb for determining sample sizes. Tutor Quant Methods Psychol 2007;3:43-50.
  • [32] De Winter JFC. Using student’s t test with extremely small sample size. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 2015; 18 (10). Retrieved January 15, 2016 from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=18&n=10.
  • [33] Carney CE, Harris AL, Moss TG, Edinger JD. Distinguishing rumination from worry in clinical insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2010;48:540-6.
  • [34] Vitiello MV, Rybarczyk B, Von Korff M, Stepanski EJ. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia improves sleep and decreases pain in older adults with co-morbid insomnia and osteoarthritis. J Clin Sleep Med 2009;5:355-62.
  • [35] Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Participant Recruitment for Research. 2012. Available:http://healthit.ahrq.gov/ahrq­funded­projects/emerging­lessons/participant­recruitment­research.
  • [36] Borkovec TD, Nau SD. Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatr 1972;3:257-60.
  • [37] Russell D. The UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess 1996;66:20-40.
  • [38] Doane LD, Adam EK. Loneliness and cortisol: momentary, day to day, and trait associations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010;35:430-41.
  • [39] Pressman SD, Cohen S, Miller GE, Barkin A, Rabin BS, Treanor JJ. Loneliness, social network size and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychol 2005;24:297-306.
  • [40] Seeman TE. Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. Am J Health Promot 2000;14:362-70.
  • [41] Harris KR, Graham S, Reid R, McElroy K, Hamby RS. Self-monitoring of attention versus self-monitoring of performance: replication and cross-task comparison studies. Learn Disabil Q 1994;17:121-39.
  • [42] Jolivette K, Ramsey M. Students with emotional and behavioral disorders can manage their own behavior. Teach Except Child 2006;39:14-21.
  • [43] Carr S, Punzo R. The effects of self-monitoring of academic accuracy and productivity in the performance of students with behavioral disorder. Behav Disord 1993;18:241-50.
  • [44] Stevens J. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (3rd edn). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1996.
  • [45] Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed., Boston: Pearson Education. 2013.
  • [46] Craanen PM. The Effect of a Self-Monitoring Treatment Intervention Package on the Academic Productivity Behavior of Three High Schools Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the School of Teaching, Learning and Leadership in the College of Education at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida. 2013.
  • [47] Cassidy B. Self-monitoring to Improve Academic Success for a High School Student Identified with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Running Head; College of Education and Human Development University of Southern Maine. 2010.
  • [48] Hughes C, Agran M, Copeland SR, Wehmeyer ML, Rodi MS, Presley JA. Using Self-Monitoring to Improve Performance in General Education. 2002.
  • [49] Carr DC, Kail BL, Matz-Costa C, Shavit YZ. Does becoming a volunteer attenuates loneliness among recently widowed older adults? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2018;73:501-10.
  • [50] Constantino RE, Sekula LK, Rubinstein EN. Group Intervention for widowed survivors of suicide. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 2001;31:428-41.
  • [51] Onrust AS, Willemse G, Van den Bout J, Cuijpers P. Effects of visiting service for older widowed individuals: a randomized clinical trial. Death Stud 2010;34:777-803.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medical Physiology, Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Victor Moses 0000-0001-6773-7048

Publication Date September 4, 2019
Submission Date June 5, 2018
Acceptance Date August 2, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 5 Issue: 5

Cite

AMA Moses V. Social disconnectedness among widows in Nigeria: probing the effects of self-monitoring intervention. Eur Res J. September 2019;5(5):894-904. doi:10.18621/eurj.430761

e-ISSN: 2149-3189 


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