Research Article
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Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 11, 04.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.573519

Abstract

References

  • 1. The Loomba Foundation. The Global Widows Report 2015. A Global Overview of Deprivation Faced by Widows and Their Children. London. Loomba House. 2015.
  • 2. World Data Atlas. Nigeria - Male adult mortality between age 15 and 60. 2019. Retrieved on 31/5/2019 from http://bit.ly/2QGiOUT
  • 3. Uhlenberg P. International handbook of population aging. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, Netherlands. 2009.
  • 4. Williams BR, Sawyer P, Allman RM. Wearing the garment of widowhood: variations in time since spousal loss among community-dwelling older adults. J Women Aging 2012;24:126-39.
  • 5. Li Y. Recovering from spousal bereavement in later life: does volunteer participation play a role? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2007;62:S257-66.
  • 6. Aniruddha D. Spousal loss and health in late life: moving beyond emotional trauma. J Aging Health 2013;25:221-42.
  • 7. Agrawal G, Arokiasamy P. Morbidity prevalence and health care utilization among older adults in India. J Appl Gerontol 2009;29:155-79.
  • 8. Perkins JM, Lee H, James KS, Oh J, Krishna A, Heo J, et al. Marital status, widowhood duration, gender and health outcomes: A cross‐sectional study among older adults in India. BMC Public Health 2016;16:1032.
  • 9. Victor M. Social disconnectedness among widows in Nigeria: probing the effects of self-monitoring intervention. Eur Res J 2019;5:894-904.
  • 10. Durojaye E. Woman, but not human: Widowhood Practices and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria. Int J Law Policy Family 2013;27:176-96.
  • 11. Tamale S. Gender trauma in Africa: enhancing women’s links to resources. J Afr Law 2004;48:50-61.
  • 12. Ssenyonjo M. Culture and human rights of women in Africa: between light and shadow, J Afr Law 2007;51:39-67.
  • 13. UchinoBN. Social support and health: a review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. J Behav Med 2006;29:377-87.
  • 14. Ryan AK, Willits FK. Family ties, physical health, and psychological well-being. J Aging Health 2007;19:907-20.
  • 15. Teo AR, Choi H, Valenstein M. Social relationships and depression: ten-year follow-up from a nationally representative study. PLoS One 2013;8:e62396.
  • 16. Kano R, Kondo N. Social Withdrawal of Young People, Psychosocial Background, Pathology and Treatment Aid. Iwasaki Gakujyutu Shuppan, Tokyo. 2000.
  • 17. Victor CR, Scambler SJ, Shah S, Cook DG, Harris T, Rink E, et al. Has loneliness amongst older people increased? An investigation into variations between cohorts. Ageing Soc 2002;22:585-97.
  • 18. Alpass FM, Neville S. Loneliness, health and depression in older males. Aging Mental Health 2003;7:212-6.
  • 19. Afolayan GE. Widowhood practices and the rights of women. The case of South-Western Nigeria. Erasmus: International Institute of Social Studies. 2011.
  • 20. Jakobsson U, Hallberg, IR. Loneliness, fear, and quality of life among elderly in Sweden: a gender perspective. Aging Clin Exp Res 2005;17:494-501.
  • 21. Cattan M, White M, Bond J, Learmouth A. Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion activities. Aging Soc 2005;25:41-67.
  • 22. Findley RA. Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: where is the evidence? Aging Soc 2003;23:647-58.
  • 23. Motevalli S, Sulaiman T, Hamzah MSG, Garmjani MG, Kamaliyeh NG, Roslan S. The effects of cognitive restructuring intervention on state and trait anxiety among Iranian high school students. World Appl Sci J 2013;26:1499-1504.
  • 24. Ghamari-Kivi H, Rafeie SH, Kiani AR. Effectiveness of cognitive restructuring and proper study skills in the reduction of test anxiety symptoms among students in Khalkhal, Iran. Am J Educ Res 2015;3:1230-6.
  • 25. Adeusi SO, Gesinde AM, Alao AA, Adejumo GO, Adekeye OA. Differential effect of behavioural strategies on the management of conduct disorder among adolescents in correctional centres in Lagos State, Nigeria. Int J Psychol Couns 2015;7:63-8.
  • 26. Hawton A, Green C, Dickens A, Richards S. Taylor R, Edwards R, et al. The impact of social isolation on the health status and health-related quality of life of older people. Qual Life Res 2011;20:57-67.
  • 27. Victor M, Adeniyi EF. Cognitive behaviour techniques for primary insomnia: a non-randomized study among university students. CARD Int J Medl Sci Appl Biosci 2017;2:136-52.
  • 28. Victor M, Balarabe M, Mohammed IA, Umaru Y. Cognitive behaviour and relaxation techniques: a comparative study among university students in Nigeria with primary insomnia. Arch Curr Res Int 2018;13:1-11.
  • 29. Mark MM, Gamble C. Experiments, quasi-experiments andethics. In DM. Mertens PE. Ginsberg eds, Handbook of social research ethics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2009.
  • 30. Max M,Lynn J. Interactive textbook on clinical symptom research. The United States. Department of Health and Human Services. 2003.
  • 31. Van Voohis CR, Morgan BL. Understanding power and rulesof thumb for determining sample sizes. Tutor Quant Methods Psychol 2007;3:43-50.
  • 32. De Winter JFC. Using student’s t test with extremely smallsample size. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 2015; 18 (10). Retrieved January 15, 2016, from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=18&n=10
  • 33. Borkovec TD, Nau SD. Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1972;3:257-60.
  • 34. Gellis LA, Arigo D, Elliott JC. Cognitive refocusing treatment for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial in university students. Behav Ther 2013;44:100-10.
  • 35. Russell D. The UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess 1996;66;20-40.
  • 36. Seeman TE. Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. Am J Health Prom 2000;14:362-70.
  • 37. Pressman SD, Cohen S, Miller, GE, Barkin A, Rabin BS, Treanor JJ. Loneliness, social network size and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychol 2005;24:297-306.
  • 38. Doane LD, Adam EK. Loneliness and cortisol: momentary, day to day, and trait associations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010;35:430-41.
  • 39. Greenberger D, Westbrook D. Managing Depression. Oxford: Oxford Cognitive Therapy Centre. 2005.
  • 40. Brosan L, Hogan H. An Introduction to coping with depression. London: Constable and Robinson Ltd. 2007.
  • 41. Gilbert P. Overcoming Depression. London: Robinson. 2009.
  • 42. Burns DD. The Feeling Good Handbook. Plumes: New York. 1999.
  • 43. Rosenberg H, Jankowski MK, Fortuna L, Rosenberg SD. A pilot study of a cognitive restructuring program for treating posttraumatic disorders in adolescents. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy 2011;3:94-9.
  • 44. Dublin RA. Cognitive Restructuring versus Cognitive Defusion for Claustrophobic Anxiety and Avoidance, 2012. Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/35/13/3513681.html.
  • 45. Gil PJM, Carrillo FXM, Meca JS. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment in social phobia: a meta-analytic review. Psychology in Spain 2001;5;17-25.
  • 46. Powers M, Sigmarsson SR, Emmelkamp MP. A meta-analytic review of psychological treatments for social anxiety disorder. Int J Cogn Ther 2008;1:94-113.
  • 47. Fedoroff I, Taylor S. Psychological and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:311-24.
  • 48. Choi KH, Vasunilashorn S. Widowhood, age heterogamy, and health: the role of selection, marital quality and health behaviors. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014;69:123-34.

A non-randomized study investigating the effectiveness of cognitive reframing in socially disconnected widows

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 11, 04.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.573519

Abstract

Objectives:
Socially
disconnected widows usually live a lonely and depressing life with anxiety and
low self-worth. Many have contemplated suicide and others have become a victim
of suicide already. Evolving an intervention to provide succor to them to take
control of their lives may help a great deal. This paper presents the results
of a nonrandomized study assessing the potency of cognitive reframing (CR) in
reducing social disconnectedness (SD) among the widows.

Methods: The
pre- and post-data was collected from a non-randomized sample of 41 widows in
the treatment group and 45 in the waitlist control group. The mean age of the participants was 41.383 ± 6.730 [95% CI = 39.940–42.940] (min. = 25 - max. = 56) years. The
cognitive reframing administered spanned for eight weeks.

Results: Analysis
of the data collected suggests that cognitive reframing is significantly
effective in reducing socially disconnected behavior among the widows in the
study. The social disconnected behavior among the widows reduced by 40.95%
compared to 8.29% observed in the waitlist control group.

Conclusions: The CR technique may be helpful in
reducing social disconnectedness in widows. However, further study may be
required in a randomized sample to enhance generalization. 

References

  • 1. The Loomba Foundation. The Global Widows Report 2015. A Global Overview of Deprivation Faced by Widows and Their Children. London. Loomba House. 2015.
  • 2. World Data Atlas. Nigeria - Male adult mortality between age 15 and 60. 2019. Retrieved on 31/5/2019 from http://bit.ly/2QGiOUT
  • 3. Uhlenberg P. International handbook of population aging. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, Netherlands. 2009.
  • 4. Williams BR, Sawyer P, Allman RM. Wearing the garment of widowhood: variations in time since spousal loss among community-dwelling older adults. J Women Aging 2012;24:126-39.
  • 5. Li Y. Recovering from spousal bereavement in later life: does volunteer participation play a role? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2007;62:S257-66.
  • 6. Aniruddha D. Spousal loss and health in late life: moving beyond emotional trauma. J Aging Health 2013;25:221-42.
  • 7. Agrawal G, Arokiasamy P. Morbidity prevalence and health care utilization among older adults in India. J Appl Gerontol 2009;29:155-79.
  • 8. Perkins JM, Lee H, James KS, Oh J, Krishna A, Heo J, et al. Marital status, widowhood duration, gender and health outcomes: A cross‐sectional study among older adults in India. BMC Public Health 2016;16:1032.
  • 9. Victor M. Social disconnectedness among widows in Nigeria: probing the effects of self-monitoring intervention. Eur Res J 2019;5:894-904.
  • 10. Durojaye E. Woman, but not human: Widowhood Practices and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria. Int J Law Policy Family 2013;27:176-96.
  • 11. Tamale S. Gender trauma in Africa: enhancing women’s links to resources. J Afr Law 2004;48:50-61.
  • 12. Ssenyonjo M. Culture and human rights of women in Africa: between light and shadow, J Afr Law 2007;51:39-67.
  • 13. UchinoBN. Social support and health: a review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. J Behav Med 2006;29:377-87.
  • 14. Ryan AK, Willits FK. Family ties, physical health, and psychological well-being. J Aging Health 2007;19:907-20.
  • 15. Teo AR, Choi H, Valenstein M. Social relationships and depression: ten-year follow-up from a nationally representative study. PLoS One 2013;8:e62396.
  • 16. Kano R, Kondo N. Social Withdrawal of Young People, Psychosocial Background, Pathology and Treatment Aid. Iwasaki Gakujyutu Shuppan, Tokyo. 2000.
  • 17. Victor CR, Scambler SJ, Shah S, Cook DG, Harris T, Rink E, et al. Has loneliness amongst older people increased? An investigation into variations between cohorts. Ageing Soc 2002;22:585-97.
  • 18. Alpass FM, Neville S. Loneliness, health and depression in older males. Aging Mental Health 2003;7:212-6.
  • 19. Afolayan GE. Widowhood practices and the rights of women. The case of South-Western Nigeria. Erasmus: International Institute of Social Studies. 2011.
  • 20. Jakobsson U, Hallberg, IR. Loneliness, fear, and quality of life among elderly in Sweden: a gender perspective. Aging Clin Exp Res 2005;17:494-501.
  • 21. Cattan M, White M, Bond J, Learmouth A. Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion activities. Aging Soc 2005;25:41-67.
  • 22. Findley RA. Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: where is the evidence? Aging Soc 2003;23:647-58.
  • 23. Motevalli S, Sulaiman T, Hamzah MSG, Garmjani MG, Kamaliyeh NG, Roslan S. The effects of cognitive restructuring intervention on state and trait anxiety among Iranian high school students. World Appl Sci J 2013;26:1499-1504.
  • 24. Ghamari-Kivi H, Rafeie SH, Kiani AR. Effectiveness of cognitive restructuring and proper study skills in the reduction of test anxiety symptoms among students in Khalkhal, Iran. Am J Educ Res 2015;3:1230-6.
  • 25. Adeusi SO, Gesinde AM, Alao AA, Adejumo GO, Adekeye OA. Differential effect of behavioural strategies on the management of conduct disorder among adolescents in correctional centres in Lagos State, Nigeria. Int J Psychol Couns 2015;7:63-8.
  • 26. Hawton A, Green C, Dickens A, Richards S. Taylor R, Edwards R, et al. The impact of social isolation on the health status and health-related quality of life of older people. Qual Life Res 2011;20:57-67.
  • 27. Victor M, Adeniyi EF. Cognitive behaviour techniques for primary insomnia: a non-randomized study among university students. CARD Int J Medl Sci Appl Biosci 2017;2:136-52.
  • 28. Victor M, Balarabe M, Mohammed IA, Umaru Y. Cognitive behaviour and relaxation techniques: a comparative study among university students in Nigeria with primary insomnia. Arch Curr Res Int 2018;13:1-11.
  • 29. Mark MM, Gamble C. Experiments, quasi-experiments andethics. In DM. Mertens PE. Ginsberg eds, Handbook of social research ethics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2009.
  • 30. Max M,Lynn J. Interactive textbook on clinical symptom research. The United States. Department of Health and Human Services. 2003.
  • 31. Van Voohis CR, Morgan BL. Understanding power and rulesof thumb for determining sample sizes. Tutor Quant Methods Psychol 2007;3:43-50.
  • 32. De Winter JFC. Using student’s t test with extremely smallsample size. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 2015; 18 (10). Retrieved January 15, 2016, from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=18&n=10
  • 33. Borkovec TD, Nau SD. Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1972;3:257-60.
  • 34. Gellis LA, Arigo D, Elliott JC. Cognitive refocusing treatment for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial in university students. Behav Ther 2013;44:100-10.
  • 35. Russell D. The UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. J Pers Assess 1996;66;20-40.
  • 36. Seeman TE. Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. Am J Health Prom 2000;14:362-70.
  • 37. Pressman SD, Cohen S, Miller, GE, Barkin A, Rabin BS, Treanor JJ. Loneliness, social network size and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychol 2005;24:297-306.
  • 38. Doane LD, Adam EK. Loneliness and cortisol: momentary, day to day, and trait associations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010;35:430-41.
  • 39. Greenberger D, Westbrook D. Managing Depression. Oxford: Oxford Cognitive Therapy Centre. 2005.
  • 40. Brosan L, Hogan H. An Introduction to coping with depression. London: Constable and Robinson Ltd. 2007.
  • 41. Gilbert P. Overcoming Depression. London: Robinson. 2009.
  • 42. Burns DD. The Feeling Good Handbook. Plumes: New York. 1999.
  • 43. Rosenberg H, Jankowski MK, Fortuna L, Rosenberg SD. A pilot study of a cognitive restructuring program for treating posttraumatic disorders in adolescents. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy 2011;3:94-9.
  • 44. Dublin RA. Cognitive Restructuring versus Cognitive Defusion for Claustrophobic Anxiety and Avoidance, 2012. Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/35/13/3513681.html.
  • 45. Gil PJM, Carrillo FXM, Meca JS. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment in social phobia: a meta-analytic review. Psychology in Spain 2001;5;17-25.
  • 46. Powers M, Sigmarsson SR, Emmelkamp MP. A meta-analytic review of psychological treatments for social anxiety disorder. Int J Cogn Ther 2008;1:94-113.
  • 47. Fedoroff I, Taylor S. Psychological and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:311-24.
  • 48. Choi KH, Vasunilashorn S. Widowhood, age heterogamy, and health: the role of selection, marital quality and health behaviors. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2014;69:123-34.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry, Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Victor Moses 0000-0001-6773-7048

Publication Date January 4, 2021
Submission Date June 3, 2019
Acceptance Date July 7, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Moses V. A non-randomized study investigating the effectiveness of cognitive reframing in socially disconnected widows. Eur Res J. January 2021;7(1):1-11. doi:10.18621/eurj.573519

e-ISSN: 2149-3189 


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