In Vitro Fluoride-Release/Recharge Pattern and Antimicrobial Effects of Current Restorative Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the fluoride-releasing/recharging and antimicrobial effects of restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry. Material and Method: High-viscosity and resin-modified glass-ionomer cement, glass carbomer, compomer, giomer and composite were tested. Dental materials’ fluoride-release was measured in distilled water (DW) and artificial saliva (AS) for eight weeks using a fluoride-specific electrode. At the end of eight weeks, specimens were divided into three groups for recharging with acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and fluoride varnish. After recharge, fluoride release was measured again. Agar diffusion test was used to assess antimicrobial effects against S. mutans and L. acidophilus. The statistical analysis was done with Mann-Whitney U and Friedman tests using SPSS-22 software. Results: High-viscosity glass-ionomer cement showed the highest fluoride-release in both storage media, followed by glass carbomer, while giomer demonstrated the lowest. After recharge, the increase in the varnish group was significantly higher than others (p<0.05). Fluoride-release in DW groups was significantly higher than in the AS groups for all materials during the test period (p<0.05). None of the materials showed antimicrobial effects. Conclusion: It was concluded that fluoride-release from glass ionomer-based materials is higher than that from resin-based materials. Fluoride-release from materials decreases in AS. Glass carbomer can be used as an alternative to glass ionomers.

Keywords

• Antimicrobial effect,fluoride-release,dental materials,giomer,glass carbomer

Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Kullanılan Güncel Restoratif Materyallerden Fluorid Salınımı, Yeniden Yüklenmesi ve Antimikrobiyal Etkilerinin İn Vitro Olarak İncelenmesi

Abstract

Amaç: İn vitro çalışmamızın amacı çocuk diş hekimliğinde kullanılan güncel restoratif materyallerin fluorid salınımını saptamak, yeniden yükleme sonrası salınımlarını değerlendirmek ve bu materyallerin antimikrobiyal etkinliğini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda yüksek viskoziteli cam iyonomer siman, rezin modifiye cam iyonomer siman, cam karbomer, kompomer, giomer ve rezin kompozit kullanıldı. Fluorid salınımı distile su (DS) ve yapay tükürük (YT) içerisinde 8 hafta boyunca fluorid spesifik elektrod ile ölçüldü. 8. haftanın sonunda örnekler üç gruba ayrıldı. Birinci gruba hiçbir ajan uygulanmazken, ikinci gruba asidüle fosfat fluorid jel, üçüncü gruba ise fluorid verniği uygulandı ve yükleme sonrası salınımları incelendi. S. mutans and L. acidophilus’a karşı antimikrobiyal etkinin değerlendirilmesinde agar difüzyon testi kullanıldı. İstatistiksel analizler SPSS-22 programı kullanılarak Mann-Whitney U ve Friedman testleri ile yapıldı. Bulgular: Her iki ortamda da en yüksek fluorid salınımını yüksek viskoziteli cam iyonomer siman yaparken, bunu cam karbomer izledi. En düşük salınım giomerde saptandı. Fluorid yüklemesi sonrası tüm materyallerin salınımı artarken; vernik gruplarındaki artış, diğer gruplardan anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulundu (p<0,05). Çalışma boyunca materyallerin DS gruplarındaki fluorid salınımı YT gruplarından anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu (p<0,05). Materyallerin hiçbiri antimikrobiyal etki oluşturmadı. Sonuç: Cam iyonomer esaslı materyallerden fluorid salınımının daha çok olduğu; yapay tükürük içerisinde materyallerin salınımının azaldığı ve cam karbomerin fluorid salınımı açısından cam iyonomer simanlara alternatif olarak kullanılabileceği görüldü.

Keywords

• Antimikrobiyal etki,fluorid salınımı,dental materyaller,giomer,cam karbomer

References

1. 1. Khoroushi M, Keshani F. A review of glass-ionomers: From conventional glass-ionomer to bioactive glass-ionomer. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2013; 10(4): 411-0.
2. 2. Dionysopoulos D, Koliniotou-Koumpia E, Helvatzoglou-Antoniades M, Kotsanos N. Fluoriderelease and recharge abilities of contemporary fluoride-containing restorative materials and dental adhesives. Dent Mater J 2013; 32(2): 296-304. [CrossRef]
3. 3. Wiegand A, Buchalla W, Attin T. Review on fluoride-releasing restorative materials - fluoride release and uptake characteristics, antibacterial activity and influence on caries formation. Dent Mater 2007; 23(3): 343-62. [CrossRef]
4. 4. Abdul Quader SM, Shamsul Alam M, Bashar AKM, Gafur A, A Mansur MA. Compressive Strength, Fluoride Release and Recharge of Giomer. Updat Dent Coll J 2012; 2(2): 28-37. [CrossRef]
5. 5. Koenraads H, Van der Kroon G, Frencken JE. Compressive strength of two newly developed glass-ionomer materials for use with the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) approach in class II cavities. Dent Mater 2009; 25: 551-6. [CrossRef]
6. 6. Zainuddin N, Karpukhina N, Law RV, Hill RG. Characterisation of a remineralising Glass Carbomer® ionomer cement by MAS-NMR Spectroscopy. Dent Mater 2012; 28: 1051-8. [CrossRef]
7. 7. Mungara J, Philip J, Joseph E, Rajendran S, Elangovan A, Selvaraju G. Comparative evaluation of fluoride release and recharge of pre-reacted glass ionomer composite and nano-ionomeric glass ionomer with daily fluoride exposure: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2013; 31(4): 234-9. [CrossRef]
8. 8. Nicholson JW, Czarnecka B. The release of ions by compomers under neutral and acidic conditions. J Oral Rehabil 2004; 31(7): 665-70. [CrossRef]

9. 9. Sato Y, Sato T, Niwa M, Aoki H. Precipitation of octacalcium phosphates on artificial enamel in artificial saliva. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2006; 17(11): 1173-7. [CrossRef]
10. 10. Hoszek A, Ericson D. In vitro fluoride release and the antibacterial effect of glass ionomers containing chlorhexidine-gluconate. Oper Dent 2008; 33(6): 696-701. [CrossRef]
11. 11. Vermeersch G, Leloup G, Delmee M, Vreven J. Antibacterial activity of glass-ionomer cements, compomers and resin composites: relationship between acidity and material setting phase. J Oral Rehabil 2005; 32: 368-74. [CrossRef]
12. 12. Yesilyurt C, Er K, Tasdemir T, Buruk K, Celik D. Antibacterial activity and physical properties of glass-ionomer cements containing antibiotics. Oper Dent 2009; 34: 18-23. [CrossRef]
13. 13. Moreau JL, Xu HH. Fluoride releasing restorative materials: Effects of pH on mechanical properties and ion release. Dent Mater 2010; 26(11): 227-35. [CrossRef]
14. 14. Mousavinasab SM, Meyers I. Fluoride release by glass ionomer cements, compomer and giomer. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2009; 6(2): 75-81.
15. 15. Hasan A, Sidhu S, Nicholson J. Fluoride release and uptake in enhanced bioactivity glass ionomer cement ("glass carbomer™") compared with conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27: e20180230. [CrossRef]
16. 16. Jingawar MM, Pathak A, Bajwa NK, Sidhu HS.Quantitative assessment of fluoride release and recharge ability of different restorative materials in different media: An in vitro study. J Cli Diagn Res 2014; 8(12): 31-4. [CrossRef]
17. 17. Kucukyilmaz E, Savas S, Kavrik F, Yasa B, Botsali MS. Fluoride release/recharging ability and bond strength of glass ionomer cements to sound and caries-affected dentin. Niger Clin Prac 2017; 20(2): 226-34. [CrossRef]
18. 18. Thanjal NK, Billington RW, Shahid S, Luo J, Hill RG, Pearson GJ. Kinetics of fluoride ion release from dental restorative glass ionomer cements: the influence and radiant heat and glass composition. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2010; 21(2): 589-95. [CrossRef]
19. 19. Upadhyay S, Rao A, Shenoy R. Comparison of the amount of fluoride release from nanofilled resin modified glass ionomer, convetional and resin modified glass ionomer cements. J Dent (Tehran) 2013; 10(2): 134-40.
20. 20. Basso GR, Della Bona A, Gobbi DL, Cecchetti D. Fluoride release from restorative materials. Braz Dent J 2011; 22(5): 355-8. [CrossRef]
21. 21. Yusoff NNAbN, Ariffin Z, Hassan A, Alam MK. Fluoride Release from Dental Restorations in De-Ionized Water and Artificial Saliva. J Int Med 2013; 20(5): 635-8.
22. 22. Rao BSR., Moosani GKR., Shanmugaraj M., Kannapan B., Shankar BS., Ismail PMS. Fluoride Release and Uptake of Five Dental Restoratives from Mouthwashes and Dentifrices J Int Oral Health 2015; 7(1): 1-5.
23. 23. Lopes CM, Galvan J, Chibinski AC, Wambier DS. Fluoride release and surface roughness of a new glass ionomer cement: glass carbomer. Rev Odontol UNESP 2018; 47(1): 1-6. [CrossRef]
24. 24. Naoum S, Ellakwa A, Martin F, Swain M. Fluoride release, recharge and mechanical property stability of various fluoride-containing resin composites. Oper Dent 2011; 36(4): 422-32. [CrossRef]
25. 25. Fallahinejad-Ghajari M, Torabzadeh H, Safavi N, Sohrabi A, Ardakani FF. Fluoride release from three glass ionomers after exposure to sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate fluoride gels. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2014; 11(5): 604-9.
26. 26. Bansal R, Bansal T. A comparative evaluation of the amount of fluoride release and re-release after recharging from aesthetic restorative materials: an in vitro study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9(8): 11-4. [CrossRef]
27. 27. Ahn SJ, Lee SJ, Lee DY, Lim BS. Effects of different fluoride recharging protocols on fluoride ion release from various orthodontic adhesives. J Dent 2011; 39(3): 196-201. [CrossRef]
28. 28. Türkün LS, Türkün M, Ertuğrul F, Ates M, Brugger S. Long-term antibacterial effects and physical properties of a chlorhexidine-containing glass ionomer cement. J Esthet Restor Dent 2008; 20(1): 29-44. [CrossRef]
29. 29. Tiwari S, Kenchappa M, Bhayya D, Gupta S, Saxena S, Satyarth S, Singh A, Gupta M. Antibacterial activity and fluoride release of glass-ionomer cement, compomer and zirconia reinforced glass-ionomer cement. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10(4): ZC90-3. [CrossRef]
30. 30. Farrugia C, Camilleri J. Antimicrobial properties of conventional restorative filling materials and advances in antimicrobial properties of composite resins and glass ionomer cements-A literature review. Dent Mater 2015; 31: 89-99. [CrossRef]