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Süt ve Karışık Dişlenme Dönemindeki Çocuklarda Tükürük Anksiyete Belirteçleri ve Tükürük Biyokimyasal Belirteçler Arasındaki Korelasyon

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 86 - 92, 01.12.2019

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/experimed.2019.19021

Amaç: Diş hekimi ve diş tedavisine bağlı anksiyete birçok çocukta karşılaşılan bir sorundur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, süt ve karışık dişlenme dönemindeki çocuklarda tükürük nitrik oksit, laktoferrin, α-amilaz ve kortizol seviyelerini tespit etmek ve diş tedavisinden kaynaklanan stresle ilişkilerini değerlendirmektir.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma süt ve karışık dişlenme dönemindeki 50 çocuktan oluşmaktadır. Çocuklar klinik olarak ve Frankl Davranış Değerlendirme Ölçeğine göre değerlendirildi. Tükürük akış hızı hesaplandı ve tükürükte nitrik oksit, laktoferrin, α-amilaz ve kortizol seviyeleri ölçüldü.

Bulgular: Çocukların %68'i Frankl Davranış Değerlendirme Ölçeğine göre negatif (Kategori 2) olarak bulundu ve bu çocuklarda, tamamen negatif olarak sınıflandırılan çocuklarla karşılaştırıldığında (Kategori 1) anlamlı derecede azalmış tükürük akış hızı belirlendi. DMFT + dft indeksi 7,56±4,29 idi ve DMFT + dft indeksleri ile tükrük nitrik oksit, laktoferrin, kortizol ve α-amilaz seviyeleri arasında pozitif korelasyon bulundu. Bu parametreler cinsiyetler arasında farklı değildi. Tükürük nitrik oksit ile amilaz, kortizol ve amilaz, kortizol ve laktoferrin ve ayrıca a-amilaz ve laktoferrin seviyeleri arasında pozitif korelasyon bulundu.

Sonuç: Tükürük laktoferrin, α-amilaz ve kortizol, ağız sağlığı ve anksiyete için önemli parametreler olarak önerilebilir.

Cite this article as: Oktay S, Demirel S, Üstündağ ÜV, Korkmaz B, Eskiocak G, Akyüz S, et al. Correlation Between Salivary Anxiety Markers and Salivary Biochemical Markers in Children with Primary and Mixed Dentition. Experimed 2019; 9(3): 86-92.

References

  • 1. Berlutti F, Pilloni A, Pietropaoli M, Polimeni A, Valenti P. Lactoferrin and oral diseases: current status and perspective in periodontitis. Ann Stomatol 2011; 2: 10-8. 2. Chicharro JL, Lucía A, Pérez M, Vaquero AF, Ureña R. Saliva composition and exercise. Sports Med 1998; 26: 17-27. [CrossRef] 3. Legrand D, Pierce A, Elass E, Carpentier M, Mariller C, Mazurier J. Lactoferrin structure and functions. In: Bioactive components of milk. Springer, New York, NY, 2008. p. 163-94. [CrossRef] 4. Eagappan ARS, Rao VAP, Sujatha S, Senthil D, Sathiyajeeva J, Rajaraman G. Evaluation of salivary nitric oxide level in children with early childhood caries. Dent Res J 2016; 13: 338-41. [CrossRef] 5. Hellhammer DH, Wüst S, Kudielka BM. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 163-71. [CrossRef] 6. Nater UM, Rohleder N. Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 486-96. [CrossRef] 7. Vineetha R, Pai KM, Vengal M, Gopalakrishna K, Narayanakurup D. Usefulness of salivary alpha amylase as a biomarker of chronic stress and stress related oral mucosal changes - a pilot study. J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6: 132-7. [CrossRef] 8. Seligman LD, Hovey JD, Chacon K, Ollendick TH. Dental anxiety: An understudied problem in youth, Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 55: 25-40. [CrossRef] 9. Peretz B, Efrat J. Dental anxiety amoung young adolescent patients in Israel. Int J Paediatric Dent 2002; 10: 126-32. [CrossRef] 10. Frankl SN. Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory? J Dent Child 1962; 29: 150-63. 11. Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5: 62-71. [CrossRef] 12. Monica M, Valad R, Stoica A. Analysis of salivary level of alpha-amylase as a risk factor for dental caries. Acta Medica Transilvanica March 2018; 23: 93-5. 13. Yildiz F, Erden BF, Ulak G, Utkan T, Gacar N. Antidepressant-like effect of 7-nitroindazole in the forced swimming test in rats. Psychopharmacology 2000; 149: 41-4. [CrossRef] 14. Inasu S, Thomas B, Kumari S, Ramesh A, Rao A. Evaluation of serum and salivary sialic acid and nitric oxide levels in chronic periodontitis patients. Int J Appl Dent Sci 2016; 2: 74-6. 15. Felizardo KR, Gonçalves RB, Schwarcz WD, Poli-Frederico RC, Maciel SM, de Andrade FB. An evaluation of the expression profiles of salivary proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme and their association with caries experience and activity. Rev Odonto Ciênc 2010; 25: 344-9. [CrossRef] 16. Sikorska MHJ, Mielnik-Blaszczak M, Kapec’ E. The relationship between the levels of SigA, lactoferrin and proteinase inhibitor in saliva and permanent dentition caries in 15-year olds. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2001; 17: 272-6. [CrossRef] 17. Scannapieco FA, Torres G, Levine MJ. Salivary α-amylase: role in dental plaque and caries formation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1993; 4: 301-7. [CrossRef] 18. Akyuz S, Pince S, Hekin N. Children’s stress during a restorative dental treatment: assessment using salivary cortisol measurements. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1996; 20: 219-23. 19. Sadi H, Finkelman M,Rosenberg M. Salivary cortisol, salivary alpha amylase, and the dental anxiety scale. Anesth Prog 2013; 60: 46-53. [CrossRef] 20. Aartman IH, van Everdingen T, Hoogstraten J, Schuurs AH. Appraisal of behavioral measurement techniques for assessing dental anxiety and fear in children: a review. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 1996; 18: 153-71. [CrossRef] 21. Rai K, Hegde A, Shetty S, Shetty S. Estimation of salivary cortisol in children with rampant caries. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2010; 34: 249-52. [CrossRef] 22. Patil SJ, Shah PP, Patil JA, Shigli A, Patil AT, Tamagond SB. Assessment of the changes in the stress-related salivary cortisol levels to the various dental procedures in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2015; 33: 94-9. [CrossRef] 23. Nater UM, Rohleder N, Gaab J, Berger S, Jud A, Kirschbaum C, etal. Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradig. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 55: 333-42. [CrossRef] 24. Rohleder N, Wolf JM, Maldonado EF, Kirschbau C. The psychosocial stress-induced increase in salivary alpha-amylase is independent of saliva flow rate. Psychophysiology 2006; 43: 645-52. [CrossRef] 25. Noorani H, Joshi HV, Shivaprakash P. Salivary alpha amylase as a noninvasive biomarker for dental fear and its correlation with behavior of children during dental treatment. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2014; 7: 19-23. 26. van Stegeren A, Rohleder N, Everaerd W, Wolf OT. Salivary alpha amylase as marker for adrenergic activity during stress: effect of betablockade. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31: 137-41. [CrossRef] 27. Tanaka Y, Ishitobi Y, Maruyama Y, Kawano A, Ando T, Okamoto S, et al. Salivary alphaamylase and cortisol responsiveness following electrical stimulation stress in major depressive disorder patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 36: 220-4.[CrossRef] 28. Lonnerdal B, Iyer S. Lactoferrin: molecular structure and biological function. Annu Rev Nutr 1995; 15: 93-110. [CrossRef] 29. Felizardo KR, Goncalves RB, Schwarcz WD, Poli-Frederico RC, Maciel SM, de Andrade FB. An evaluation of the expression profiles of salivary proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme and their association with caries experience and activity. Rev Odonto Cienc 2010; 25: 344-9. [CrossRef]

Correlation Between Salivary Anxiety Markers and Salivary Biochemical Markers in Children with Primary and Mixed Dentition

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 86 - 92, 01.12.2019

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/experimed.2019.19021

Objective: Anxiety due to the dentist and dental treatment is a problem encountered in many children. The aim of the present study is to determine salivary nitric oxide, lactoferrin, α-amylase and cortisol levels of children in primary and mixed dentition, and to evaluate their relation with stress due to dental treatment.

Material and Method: The study consisted of 50 children in primary and mixed dentition. The children were evaluated clinically and according to Frankl Behavior Rating Scale. Salivary flow rate was calculated, and nitric oxide, lactoferrin, α-amylase and cortisol levels were measured in saliva.

Results: 68% percent of the children were found to be negative according to the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale (category 2), and significantly decreased salivary flow rate was evident in these children when compared with children that were categorized as completely negative (category 1). The DMFT+dft index was 7.56±4.29, and positive correlations were found between DMFT+dft indices and salivary nitric oxide, lactoferrin, cortisol and α-amylase levels (p<0.05). These parameters were not different between genders. Positive correlations were found between salivary nitric oxide and α amilase, cortisol and α amilase, cortisol and lactoferrin; and also between α-amilase and lactoferrin levels (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Salivary lactoferrin, α-amylase and cortisol may be suggested as important parameters of oral health.

Cite this article as: Oktay S, Demirel S, Üstündağ ÜV, Korkmaz B, Eskiocak G, Akyüz S, et al. Correlation Between Salivary Anxiety Markers and Salivary Biochemical Markers in Children with Primary and Mixed Dentition. Experimed 2019; 9(3): 86-92.

References

  • 1. Berlutti F, Pilloni A, Pietropaoli M, Polimeni A, Valenti P. Lactoferrin and oral diseases: current status and perspective in periodontitis. Ann Stomatol 2011; 2: 10-8. 2. Chicharro JL, Lucía A, Pérez M, Vaquero AF, Ureña R. Saliva composition and exercise. Sports Med 1998; 26: 17-27. [CrossRef] 3. Legrand D, Pierce A, Elass E, Carpentier M, Mariller C, Mazurier J. Lactoferrin structure and functions. In: Bioactive components of milk. Springer, New York, NY, 2008. p. 163-94. [CrossRef] 4. Eagappan ARS, Rao VAP, Sujatha S, Senthil D, Sathiyajeeva J, Rajaraman G. Evaluation of salivary nitric oxide level in children with early childhood caries. Dent Res J 2016; 13: 338-41. [CrossRef] 5. Hellhammer DH, Wüst S, Kudielka BM. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 163-71. [CrossRef] 6. Nater UM, Rohleder N. Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 486-96. [CrossRef] 7. Vineetha R, Pai KM, Vengal M, Gopalakrishna K, Narayanakurup D. Usefulness of salivary alpha amylase as a biomarker of chronic stress and stress related oral mucosal changes - a pilot study. J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6: 132-7. [CrossRef] 8. Seligman LD, Hovey JD, Chacon K, Ollendick TH. Dental anxiety: An understudied problem in youth, Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 55: 25-40. [CrossRef] 9. Peretz B, Efrat J. Dental anxiety amoung young adolescent patients in Israel. Int J Paediatric Dent 2002; 10: 126-32. [CrossRef] 10. Frankl SN. Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory? J Dent Child 1962; 29: 150-63. 11. Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5: 62-71. [CrossRef] 12. Monica M, Valad R, Stoica A. Analysis of salivary level of alpha-amylase as a risk factor for dental caries. Acta Medica Transilvanica March 2018; 23: 93-5. 13. Yildiz F, Erden BF, Ulak G, Utkan T, Gacar N. Antidepressant-like effect of 7-nitroindazole in the forced swimming test in rats. Psychopharmacology 2000; 149: 41-4. [CrossRef] 14. Inasu S, Thomas B, Kumari S, Ramesh A, Rao A. Evaluation of serum and salivary sialic acid and nitric oxide levels in chronic periodontitis patients. Int J Appl Dent Sci 2016; 2: 74-6. 15. Felizardo KR, Gonçalves RB, Schwarcz WD, Poli-Frederico RC, Maciel SM, de Andrade FB. An evaluation of the expression profiles of salivary proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme and their association with caries experience and activity. Rev Odonto Ciênc 2010; 25: 344-9. [CrossRef] 16. Sikorska MHJ, Mielnik-Blaszczak M, Kapec’ E. The relationship between the levels of SigA, lactoferrin and proteinase inhibitor in saliva and permanent dentition caries in 15-year olds. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2001; 17: 272-6. [CrossRef] 17. Scannapieco FA, Torres G, Levine MJ. Salivary α-amylase: role in dental plaque and caries formation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1993; 4: 301-7. [CrossRef] 18. Akyuz S, Pince S, Hekin N. Children’s stress during a restorative dental treatment: assessment using salivary cortisol measurements. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1996; 20: 219-23. 19. Sadi H, Finkelman M,Rosenberg M. Salivary cortisol, salivary alpha amylase, and the dental anxiety scale. Anesth Prog 2013; 60: 46-53. [CrossRef] 20. Aartman IH, van Everdingen T, Hoogstraten J, Schuurs AH. Appraisal of behavioral measurement techniques for assessing dental anxiety and fear in children: a review. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 1996; 18: 153-71. [CrossRef] 21. Rai K, Hegde A, Shetty S, Shetty S. Estimation of salivary cortisol in children with rampant caries. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2010; 34: 249-52. [CrossRef] 22. Patil SJ, Shah PP, Patil JA, Shigli A, Patil AT, Tamagond SB. Assessment of the changes in the stress-related salivary cortisol levels to the various dental procedures in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2015; 33: 94-9. [CrossRef] 23. Nater UM, Rohleder N, Gaab J, Berger S, Jud A, Kirschbaum C, etal. Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradig. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 55: 333-42. [CrossRef] 24. Rohleder N, Wolf JM, Maldonado EF, Kirschbau C. The psychosocial stress-induced increase in salivary alpha-amylase is independent of saliva flow rate. Psychophysiology 2006; 43: 645-52. [CrossRef] 25. Noorani H, Joshi HV, Shivaprakash P. Salivary alpha amylase as a noninvasive biomarker for dental fear and its correlation with behavior of children during dental treatment. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2014; 7: 19-23. 26. van Stegeren A, Rohleder N, Everaerd W, Wolf OT. Salivary alpha amylase as marker for adrenergic activity during stress: effect of betablockade. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31: 137-41. [CrossRef] 27. Tanaka Y, Ishitobi Y, Maruyama Y, Kawano A, Ando T, Okamoto S, et al. Salivary alphaamylase and cortisol responsiveness following electrical stimulation stress in major depressive disorder patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 36: 220-4.[CrossRef] 28. Lonnerdal B, Iyer S. Lactoferrin: molecular structure and biological function. Annu Rev Nutr 1995; 15: 93-110. [CrossRef] 29. Felizardo KR, Goncalves RB, Schwarcz WD, Poli-Frederico RC, Maciel SM, de Andrade FB. An evaluation of the expression profiles of salivary proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme and their association with caries experience and activity. Rev Odonto Cienc 2010; 25: 344-9. [CrossRef]
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sehkar Oktay

Sezin Demirel This is me

Ünsal Veli Üstündağ This is me

Betül Korkmaz This is me

Gizem Eskiocak This is me

Serap Akyüz This is me

Ebru Emekli Alturfan This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2019
Submission Date September 27, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Oktay S, Demirel S, Üstündağ ÜV, Korkmaz B, Eskiocak G, Akyüz S, Emekli Alturfan E. Correlation Between Salivary Anxiety Markers and Salivary Biochemical Markers in Children with Primary and Mixed Dentition. Experimed. 2019;9(3):86-92.