A Review on the Effects of the Earthquake on Preschool Children

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 264 - 279, 30.12.2023

Burak Can Korkmaz , Mustafa Gökhan Altınsoy

https://doi.org/10.58620/fbujoss.1356438

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Earthquakes have become a popular research area because they have recently caused numerous problems in many countries. Also, they significantly impact preschool children. Children in the preschool age group, which is a critical period, are at risk from earthquakes, as they are a vulnerable group. Specifically, investigating the effects of the earthquake on preschool children is crucial in solving the problems they experience and putting forward policy recommendations, but there is no review study specific to this age group in the literature. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of the earthquake on preschool children. The effects of the earthquake, which takes place in a wide range, on preschool children are gathered, especially in the fields of social, psychological, health, and education. Challenges experienced by parents, difficulties in meeting basic needs, complex psychological problems, and changes such as migration are some of the critical issues preschool children experience after earthquakes.

Keywords

Preschool, Earthquake, Trauma, Health, Education

Depremin Okul Öncesi Çocuklar Üzerindeki Etkileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Son zamanlarda popüler bir araştırma alanı haline gelen ve birçok ülkede büyük sorunlar yaratan depremler okul öncesi çocuklar üzerinde büyük bir etkiye sahiptir. Kritik bir dönem olan okul öncesi yaş grubunda bulunan çocuklar dezavantajlı bir grup olmaları dolayısıyla depremler karşısında daha savunmasız ve risk altında kalmaktadırlar. Spesifik olarak depremin okul öncesi çocuklar üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi yaşadıkları sorunların çözülmesi ve politika önerilerinin ortaya konması açısından önemlidir fakat literatürde bu yaş grubu özelinde yapılmış herhangi bir derleme çalışması bulunmamaktadır. Bu sebeple, bu çalışma depremin okul öncesi çocuklar üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çok geniş bir yelpazede yer alan depremin okul öncesi çocuklar üzerindeki etkileri özellikle sosyal, psikolojik, sağlık ve eğitim alanlarında toplanmaktadır. Ebeveynlerin yaşadıkları zorluklar, temel ihtiyaçların karşılanmasındaki güçlükler, kompleks psikolojik problemler ve göç gibi yaşanan değişimler okul öncesi çocukların depremlerin ardından yaşadıkları önemli sorunlardan birkaçıdır. Bu noktada, deprem bölgesinde temiz su ve besin gibi temel ihtiyaçların karşılanması politika yapıcılar tarafından ilk öncelik olmalıdır Depremlerin ardından eğitimin devamlılığı politika yapıcıların dikkat etmesi gereken bir diğer husus olup teknolojik imkanların kullanımı bu hususta faydalı olabilir.

Keywords

Okul Öncesi, Deprem, Travma, Eğitim, Sağlık

References

• Aksu, G. G., & İmrek, Y. (2023). The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective. Duzce Medical Journal, https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1271852
• Aktug, B., Ozener, H., Dogru, A., Sabuncu, A., Turgut, B., Halicioglu, K., … & Havazli, E. (2016). Slip rates and seismic potential on the East Anatolian Fault System using an improved GPS velocity field. Journal of Geodynamics, 94, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2016.01.001
• Alipour, F., & Ahmadi, S. (2020). Social support and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in earthquake survivors: A systematic review. Social Work in Mental Health, 18(5), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2020.1795045
• Aral, N. (2023). Depremin Çocuklara Etkileri. Çocuk ve Gelişim Dergisi, 6(11), 93-105. https://doi.org/10.36731/cg.1299175
• Aydoğdu, F., & Fofana, A. (2023, February). Depremin Küçük Çocuklar Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Müdahale Programları. In International Conference on Trends in Advanced Research (Vol. 1, pp. 20-25).
• Ayer, Ç., Bakır, B., Çalık, G., Depboylu, G. Y., Yalçın, T., & Kaner, G. (2023). Afet Sonrası Görülebilecek Klinik Semptomlara Yönelik Beslenme Önerileri. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 669-674. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/78150/1265023
• Barka, A. (1999). The 17 august 1999 Izmit earthquake. Science, 285(5435), 1858-1859. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5435.1858
• Barka, A., Akyuz, H. S., Altunel, E., Sunal, G., Cakir, Z., Dikbas, A. & Page, W. (2002). The surface rupture and slip distribution of the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian fault. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000841
• Batista-Pinto Wiese, E. (2010). Culture and migration: Psychological trauma in children and adolescents. Traumatology, 16(4), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610388304
• Baytiyeh, H. (2018). Online learning during post-earthquake school closures. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 27(2), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-07-2017-0173
• Blanc, J., Eugene, D., Louis, E. F., Cadichon, J. M., Joseph, J., Pierre, A., ... & Huang, K. Y. (2020). Mental health among children older than 10 years exposed to the Haiti 2010 earthquake: A critical review. Current psychiatry reports, 22, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-01178-9
• Blom, M., & Oberink, R. (2012). The validity of the DSM-IV PTSD criteria in children and adolescents: A review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(4), 571-601. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104511426408
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental psychology, 22(6), 723. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723
• Burkhart, K., Agarwal, N., Kim, S., Neudecker, M., & Ievers-Landis, C. E. (2023). A Scoping Review of Trauma-Informed Pediatric Interventions in Response to Natural and Biologic Disasters. Children, 10(6), 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061017
• Chen, S., Zhou, J., & Zhang, L. (2017). Responding to emergencies: Early childhood programs after the Sichuan earthquake. Early Childhood Education in Chinese Societies, 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1004-4_9
• Cohen, E., & Gadassi, R. (2018). The function of play for coping and therapy with children exposed to disasters and political violence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0895-x
• Çolak, G. V., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2021). Kayıp ve yas: Bir gözden geçirme. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(1), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.21.1.07
• Crone, E. A., Achterberg, M., Dobbelaar, S., Euser, S., van den Bulk, B., van der Meulen, M., ... & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020). Neural and behavioral signatures of social evaluation and adaptation in childhood and adolescence: the Leiden consortium on individual development (L-CID). Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 45, 100805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100805
• De Figueiredo, C. S., Sandre, P. C., Portugal, L. C. L., Mázala-de-Oliveira, T., da Silva Chagas, L., Raony, Í., ... & Bomfim, P. O. S. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic impact on children and adolescents' mental health: Biological, environmental, and social factors. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 106, 110171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110171
• Deutsch, R. M., Misca, G., & Ajoku, C. (2018). Critical review of research evidence of parenting coordination's effectiveness. Family Court Review, 56(1), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12326
• Dlamini, M. D., Chang, Y. J., & Nguyen, T. T. B. (2023). Caregivers' experiences of having a child with cerebral palsy. A meta-synthesis. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 73, 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2023.08.026
• Dube, A., Moffatt, M., Davison, C., & Bartels, S. (2018). Health outcomes for children in Haiti since the 2010 earthquake: a systematic review. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 33(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X17007105
• Eray, Ş., Uçar, H. N., & Murat, D. (2017). The effects of relocation and social support on long-term outcomes of adolescents following a major earthquake: A controlled study from Turkey. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 24, 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.05.026
• Faedda, G. L., Baldessarini, R. J., Marangoni, C., Bechdolf, A., Berk, M., Birmaher, B., ... & Correll, C. U. (2019). An International Society of Bipolar Disorders task force report: Precursors and prodromes of bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders, 21(8), 720-740. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12831
• Farooqui, M., Quadri, S. A., Suriya, S. S., Khan, M. A., Ovais, M., Sohail, Z., ... & Hassan, M. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder: a serious post-earthquake complication. Trends in psychiatry and psychotherapy, 39, 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0029
• Fetihi, L., & Gülay, H. (2020). The effect of earthquake awareness development program (EADP) on 6 years old children. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(2).
• Genç, M., & Tolan, Ö. Ç. (2021). Play therapy practices in psychological and developmental disorders that Are common in preschool period. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 13(2), 207-231. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.757366
• Gewirtz, A., Forgatch, M., & Wieling, E. (2008). Parenting practices as potential mechanisms for child adjustment following mass trauma. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(2), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00063.x
• Gibbs, L., Marinkovic, K., Nursey, J., Tong, L. A., Tekin, E., Ulubasoglu, M., ... & Cobham, V. E. (2021). Child and adolescent psychosocial support programs following natural disasters—A scoping review of emerging evidence. Current psychiatry reports, 23(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01293-1
• Gurwitch, R. H., Sullivan, M. A., & Long, P. J. (1998). The impact of trauma and disaster on young children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 7(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1056-4993(18)30257-8
• Güden, R. A., & Borlu, A. (2023). Afetlerde toplum beslenmesi ve hassas gruplara yönelik beslenme planı. Food and Health, 9(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23006
• Hall, T. (2020). Review of experimental social behavioral interventions for preschool children: An evidenced-based synthesis. Sage Open, 10(1), 2158244019899420. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899420
• Harada, N., Shigemura, J., Tanichi, M., Kawaida, K., Takahashi, S., & Yasukata, F. (2015). Mental health and psychological impacts from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: a systematic literature review. Disaster and military medicine, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40696-015-0008-x
• Hidayati, N. O., Anwar, M. H., Yamin, A., & Nurhidayah, I. (2023). The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Trauma on Children Victims of Disasters: A Literature Review. Jurnal Aisyah: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 8(1), 201-206. https://doi.org/10.30604/jika.v8i1.1574
• Hubert-Ferrari, A., Barka, A., Jacques, E., Nalbant, S. S., Meyer, B., Armijo, R., ... & King, G. C. (2000). Seismic hazard in the Marmara Sea region following the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake. Nature, 404(6775), 269-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/35005054
• Humeniuk, E., & Tarkowski, Z. (2017). Overview of research over the efficiency of therapies of stuttering. Polish Annals of Medicine, 24(1), 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poamed.2016.11.007
• Izadkhah, Y. O., & Heshmati, V. (2015). An Assessment of Preschoolers Knowledge on Earthquakes and a Review on Existing Educational Methods. International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES)
• Izett, E., Rooney, R., Prescott, S. L., De Palma, M., & McDevitt, M. (2021). Prevention of mental health difficulties for children aged 0–3 years: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 500361. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.500361
• Jafari, H., Mohamadi, M., Haghjoo, A., & Heidari, M. (2019). Newly Recognized Stuttering in Three Young Children Following the Hojedk Earthquake in Iran. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 34(4), 456-457. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X19004497
• Jean-Thorn, A., Tremblay-Perreault, A., Dubé, V., & Hébert, M. (2023). A systematic review of community-level protective factors in children exposed to maltreatment. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(4), 2827-2842. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221117234
• Kar, N. (2009). Psychological impact of disasters on children: review of assessment and interventions. World journal of pediatrics, 5, 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-009-0001-x
• Karabulut, D., & Bekler, T. (2019). Doğal afetlerin çocuklar ve ergenler üzerindeki etkileri. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 5(2), 368-376. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.500356
• Kılıç, C., & Ulusoy, M. (2003). Psychological effects of the November 1999 earthquake in Turkey: an epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00119.x
• Kim, E. M., Kim, G. S., Kim, H., Park, C. G., Lee, O., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2022). Health-related quality of life among older adults who experienced the Pohang earthquake in South Korea: A cross-sectional survey. Health and quality of life outcomes, 20(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-022-01944-8
• Kumar, R., Mittal, H., Sandeep, & Sharma, B. (2022). Earthquake genesis and earthquake early warning systems: challenges and a way forward. Surveys in Geophysics, 43(4), 1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-022-09710-7
• La Greca, A.M., & Prinstein, M.J. (2002). Hurricanes and earthquakes. In M.C. Roberts (Ed.), Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism (pp. 107– 138). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10454-005
• Lanigan, J., Tee, L., & Brandreth, R. (2019). Childhood obesity. Medicine, 47(3), 190-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2018.12.007
• Leijdesdorff, S., van Doesum, K., Popma, A., Klaassen, R., & van Amelsvoort, T. (2017). Prevalence of psychopathology in children of parents with mental illness and/or addiction: an up to date narrative review. Current opinion in psychiatry, 30(4), 312-317. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000341
• Liu, M., Wang, L., Shi, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, K., & Shen, J. (2011). Mental health problems among children one-year after Sichuan earthquake in China: a follow-up study. PloS one, 6(2), e14706. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014706
• Lovato, K., Lopez, C., Karimli, L., & Abrams, L. S. (2018). The impact of deportation-related family separations on the well-being of Latinx children and youth: A review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 95, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.10.011
• Marza, V. I. (2004). On the death toll of the 1999 Izmit (Turkey) major earthquake. ESC General Assembly Papers, European Seismological Commission, Potsdam.
• Marangoz, M., & İzci, Ç. (2023). Doğal Afetlerin Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Çevresel Etkilerinin 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Merkezli Depremler Bağlamında Girişimciler Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24(52), 1-30. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sobbiad/issue/78767/1285022
• McGuire, A., Steele, R. G., & Singh, M. N. (2021). Systematic review on the application of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) for preschool-aged children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 24, 20-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00334-0
• Meng, X., Fleury, M. J., Xiang, Y. T., Li, M., & D’arcy, C. (2018). Resilience and protective factors among people with a history of child maltreatment: A systematic review. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 53, 453-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1485-2
• Michel, R., & Avouac, J. P. (2002). Deformation due to the 17 August 1999 Izmit, Turkey, earthquake measured from SPOT images. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107(B4), ETG-2. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000102
• Mohammadinia, L., Ardalan, A., Khorasani-Zavareh, D., Ebadi, A., Malek-Afzali, H., & Fazel, M. (2017). The resilient child indicators in natural disasters: A systematic review protocol. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 2(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.18869/nrip.hdq.2.2.95
• Moner, N., Soubelet, A., Barbieri, L., & Askenazy, F. (2022). Assessment of PTSD and posttraumatic symptomatology in very young children: A systematic review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 35(1), 7-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12351
• Nair, P., & Pandit, M. (2017). Depression among children of Tibetans in exile: A socio-cultural perspective. Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond, 4(2), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-3011.2017.00011.1
• Niwa, S. (2014). Mental health in evacuees from the 3.11 complex disaster in Japan. Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi= Psychiatria et neurologia Japonica, 116(3), 219-223. https://europepmc.org/article/med/24783445
• Noffsinger, M. A., Pfefferbaum, B., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Sherrieb, K., & Norris, F. H. (2012). The burden of disaster: Part I. Challenges and opportunities within a child’s social ecology. International journal of emergency mental health, 14(1), 3.
• Nouri, M., Ostadtaghizadeh, A., Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M. J., Fallah-aliabadi, S., Bagheri, S., AlJasem, M., ... & Barghi Shirazi, F. (2021). A Systematic Review of the Nutritional Consequences of the Earthquake in East Azerbaijan Earthquake 2012. Journal of Nutrition, Fasting and Health, 9(3), 186-195. https://doi.org/10.22038/jnfh.2021.56661.1329.
• Obande, D., Young, I., Gao, J. L., Pearl, D. L., & Papadopoulos, A. (2023). Systematic review and meta-regression of food safety knowledge and behaviour of primary food preparers for young children in the home setting. Food Control, 145, 109455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.10945
• Orui, M. (2022). Suicide and suicide prevention activities following the great east Japan earthquake 2011: a literature review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(17), 10906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710906
• Özkan, B., & Kutun, F. Ç. (2021). Afet psikolojisi. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 8(3), 249-256. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sagakaderg/issue/64770/868877
• Pacheco, E. M., Parrott, E., Oktari, R. S., & Joffe, H. (2022). How schools can aid children’s resilience in disaster settings: The contribution of place attachment, sense of place and social representations theories. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1004022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1004022
• Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2000). Practitioner review: The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41(3), 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00612
• Pfefferbaum, B., Noffsinger, M. A., Jacobs, A. K., & Varma, V. (2016). Children’s cognitive functioning in disasters and terrorism. Current psychiatry reports, 18, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0685-2
• Proctor, L. J., Fauchier, A., Oliver, P. H., Ramos, M. C., Rios, M. A., & Margolin, G. (2007). Family context and young children's responses to earthquake. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(9), 941-949. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01771.x
• Puchol‐Martínez, I., Vallina Férnandez, Ó., & Santed‐Germán, M. A. (2023). Preventive interventions for children and adolescents of parents with mental illness: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2850
• Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Piacentini, J. C. (1999). A developmental psychopathology model of childhood traumatic stress and intersection with anxiety disorders. Biological psychiatry, 46(11), 1542-1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00262-0
• Rahma, A., Mardiatno, D., & Hizbaron, D. R. (2023). Developing a theoretical framework: school ecosystem-based disaster risk education. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10382046.2023.2214041
• Rakib, M. R. J., Rahman, M. A., Onyena, A. P., Kumar, R., Sarker, A., Hossain, M. B., ... & Sun, X. (2022). A comprehensive review of heavy metal pollution in the coastal areas of Bangladesh: abundance, bioaccumulation, health implications, and challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(45), 67532-67558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22122-9
• Resuloğlu, F. (2023). Sekoyana'nın Kapılarından Çevre Okuryazarlığına Giriş. TAM Akademi Dergisi, 2(3), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.58239/tamde.2023.03.002.x
• Ronoh, S., Gaillard, J. C., & Marlowe, J. (2015). Children with disabilities and disaster risk reduction: a review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6, 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0042-9
• Sarı, E., & Sarı, B. (2020). Kriz Zamanlarında Eğitim Yönetimi: Covid-19 Örneği. Uluslararası Liderlik Çalışmaları Dergisi: Kuram ve Uygulama, 3(2), 49-63. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijls/issue/56102/742188
• Seddighi, H., Yousefzadeh, S., López, M. L., & Sajjadi, H. (2020). Preparing children for climate-related disasters. BMJ paediatrics open, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000833
• Serrano-Rivera, J., Velásquez-Portilla, M., Velasco-Erira, S., Soto-Cala, B., López-Lengua, J. A., & Palencia-Sánchez, F. (2023). Natural disasters in Colombia and their impact on the food security of the affected population. A quick review of the literature. A quick review of the literature.(May 26, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4460054
• Shutts, K., Kinzler, K. D., & DeJesus, J. M. (2013). Understanding infants' and children's social learning about foods: previous research and new prospects. Developmental psychology, 49(3), 419. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027551
• Siddiqui, S., Soomro, N. N., & Mehboob, Y. (2021). Our Generation at Risk: Tale of Disintegrated Families’ Children in Areas of Pakistan-A Review. Sukkur IBA Journal of Educational Sciences and Technologies, 1(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.30537/sjest.v1i1.653
• Simbi, C. M. C., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2020). Early parental loss in childhood and depression in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-controlled studies. Journal of affective disorders, 260, 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.087
• Sönmez, M. B. (2022). Depremin psikolojik etkileri, psikolojik destek ve korkuyla baş etme. TOTBİD Dergisi, 21(3), 337-343. https://doi.org/10.5578/totbid.dergisi.2022.46
• Strieter, L., Arena, R., & Huizar, M. (2021). Moving more and sitting less in schools: what’s the next step?. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 64, 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.12.002
• Sugar, M. (1989). Children in a disaster: An overview. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 19, 163-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00706040
• Sulistyaningrum, E. (2017). The impact of earthquake on child test score. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 32(2), 104.
• Suneja, A., Gakh, M., & Rutkow, L. (2018). Burden and management of noncommunicable diseases after earthquakes and tsunamis. Health security, 16(1), 30-47. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2017.0059
• Şahin, N. H., Batıgün, A. D., & Yılmaz, B. (2007). Psychological symptoms of Turkish children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquake: Exposure, gender, location, and time duration. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 20(3), 335-345. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20217
• Şalcıoğlu, E., & Başoğlu, M. (2008). Psychological effects of earthquakes in children: prospects for brief behavioral treatment. World Journal of Pediatrics, 4, 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-008-0032-8
• Şevik, A. E. (2023). Deprem ve Yaşlılık: Psikososyal Bir Bakış. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 16(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.46414/yasad.1292526
• Şikel, Ç., & Harmancı, H. (2022). Ebeveynin Boşanması Çocuğun Kimlik Gelişimini Etkiler mi?. Karatay Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, (8), 123-146. https://doi.org/10.54557/karataysad.1084187
• Takada, S. (2013). Post-traumatic stress disorders and mental health care (lessons learned from the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Kobe, 1995). Brain and development, 35(3), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2012.09.013
• Tamer, İ., Koçak, U. Z., Karabay, D., & Özer, D. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Sirkadiyen Ritim ve Uyku-Uyanıklık Bozuklukları ile Baş Etmede Fiziksel Aktivite ve Egzersiz Yaklaşımları. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 685-690. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ikcusbfd/issue/78150/1266262
• Tatsuta, N., Nakai, K., Satoh, H., & Murata, K. (2015). Impact of the great east Japan earthquake on child's IQ. The Journal of pediatrics, 167(3), 745-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.06.033
• Tehseen, R., Farooq, M. S., & Abid, A. (2020). Earthquake prediction using expert systems: a systematic mapping study. Sustainability, 12(6), 2420. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062420
• Tuna, A. (2023). Infection diseases that can be seen post-earthquake. Intercontinental Journal of Emergency Medicine, 4-10. https://journal-icjem.com/Publication/DisplayArticle/25954
• Tural, Ü., Coşkun, B., Önder, E., Çorapçioǧlu, A., Yildiz, M., Kesepara, C., Karakaya, I., Aydin, M., Erol, A., Torun, F., &
• Aybar, G. (2004). Psychological consequences of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 17(6), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10960-004-5793-9
• Türk, A. (2022). Yaşam Seyri Teorisi Çerçevesinde Covid-19 Pandemisinin Çocuklara ve Ergenlere Etkisi. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(Özel Sayı 1), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.51460/baebd.955662
• Uemoto, M., Asakawa, A., Takamiya, S., Asakawa, K., & Inui, A. (2012). Kobe earthquake and post-traumatic stress in school-aged children. International journal of behavioral medicine, 19, 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-011-9184-3
• Wang, C. W., Chan, C. L., & Ho, R. T. (2013). Prevalence and trajectory of psychopathology among child and adolescent survivors of disasters: a systematic review of epidemiological studies across 1987–2011. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 48, 1697-1720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0731-x
• Warner, L. M., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Villegas Angulo, M., & Schwarzer, R. (2015). Resource loss, self-efficacy, and family support predict posttraumatic stress symptoms: a 3-year study of earthquake survivors. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(3), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2014.955018
• Wolmer, L., Hamiel, D., Pardo-Aviv, L., & Laor, N. (2017). Addressing the needs of preschool children in the context of disasters and terrorism: assessment, prevention, and intervention. Current psychiatry reports, 19, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0792-8
• Woolgar, F., Garfield, H., Dalgleish, T., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed preschool-aged children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(3), 366-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.026
• Yeon, D. H., Chung, J. B., & Im, D. H. (2020). The effects of earthquake experience on disaster education for children and teens. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155347
• Yıldız, M. İ., Başterzi, A. D., Yıldırım, E. A., Yüksel, Ş., Aker, A. T., Semerci, B., ... & Yıldırım, M. H. (2023). Preventive and therapeutic mental health care after the earthquake-expert opinion from the psychiatric association of Turkey 2. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12939/3509
• Yin, S., & Dong, C. (2015). The usage of complementary food supplements for young children during natural disasters. Handbook of public health in natural disasters: Nutrition, food, remediation and preparation, e1. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-806-3_14